Table 1 Main clinical features and circulating BMP9 levels in the study population

Age (yr)

50.5 ± 11.7

51.5 ± 10.8

51.9 ± 10.5

52.4 ± 10.8

WHR

0.88 ± 0.08

0.90 ± 0.05*

0.92 ± 0.06*

0.93 ± 0.05**

BMI (kg/m²)

23.8 ± 3.4

25.1 ± 3.2*

24.8 ± 3.3*

23.9 ± 3.1

FAT (%)

28.7 ± 7.3

31.7 ± 7.0**

31.4 ± 6.9**

27.1 ± 5.9

SBP (mmHg)

117.7 ± 13.0

147.5 ± 23.1**

137.8 ± 17.9**

120.7 ± 10.5

DBP (mmHg)

74.4 ± 8.9

84.4 ± 13.6**

80.0 ± 10.9**

73.5 ± 7.3

TC (mmol/L)

4.52 ± 1.16

4.68 ± 0.90

4.47 ± 1.21

4.43 ± 1.41

TG (mmol/L)

1.22 (0.83–1.61)

1.51 (1.07–1.97)**

1.51 (1.07–2.54)**

1.28 (0.92–2.19)**

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.74 ± 0.86

2.69 ± 0.76

2.96 ± 4.11

2.57 ± 1.02

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.29 (1.04–1.54)

1.15 (1.00–1.31)

1.19 (0.95–1.23)

1.21 (0.88–1.28)

FFA (μmol/L)

0.53 (0.37–0.64)

0.56 (0.40–0.76)

0.41 (0.29–0.58)**

0.45 (0.33–0.63)**

FBG (mmol/L)

5.28 ± 0.53

5.29 ± 0.41

5.18 ± 0.45

5.18 ± 0.39

FIns (mU/L)

9.89 (5.38–15.10)

21.9 (18.4–30.0) **

13.7 (7.4–21.5)**

12.4 (6.5–19.8)**

2 h-BG (mmol/L)

6.29 ± 1.07

6.55 ± 0.84

6.62 ± 0.66*

6.85 ± 1.03*

HbA1c (%)

5.65 ± 0.40

5.69 ± 0.39

5.73 ± 0.27*

5.71 ± 0.31*

HOMA-IR

2.45 (1.50–3.60)

5.04 (4.16–6.83)**

3.16 (1.61–4.88)**

2.71 (1.60–4.28)*

BMP9 (ng/L)

123.3 (45.5–178.6)

53.2 (31.8–62.8) **

52.9(27.2–74.7) **

55.0 (24.9–71.4)**