Table 1 Demographic characteristics and values of all study variables in the two groups

Sample

2285

1633

Number of subjects

Age^*

48.02 (14.64)

49.23 (15.05)

Age

Anthropometrics

Height (cm)^†

157 (6.14)

169.8 (6.46)

Height

Weight (kg)^†

57.39 (8.68)

69.49 (10.68)

Weight

WC (cm)^†

78.00 (9.57)

84.45 (8.82)

Waist circumference

BMI (kg/m²)^†

23.31 (3.39)

24.06 (3.08)

Body mass index

Bone area (cm²)

Wd-A

1.18 (0.10)

1.18 (0.08)

Ward’s triangle area

LRb-A^†

128.4 (19.47)

145 (22.23)

Left rib area

RRb-A^†

137.4 (24.67)

153.3 (26.83)

Right rib area

LS-A^†

53.13 (7.94)

61.26 (8.28)

Lumbar spine area

Plv-A^†

171.8 (32.53)

213.5 (32.92)

Pelvis area

Bone mineral content (g)

Wd-BMC^†

0.67 (0.21)

0.72 (0.21)

Ward’s triangle BMC

LRb-BMC^†

79.65 (16.75)

100.8 (20.84)

Left rib BMC

RRb-BMC^†

85.88 (18.47)

107.1 (23.55)

Right rib BMC

LS-BMC^†

55.12 (14.72)

65.92 (14.91)

Lumbar spine BMC

Plv-BMC^†

181.2 (48.61)

242.5 (60.49)

Pelvis BMC

Bone mineral density (g/cm²)

Wd-BMD^†

0.57 (0.16)

0.61 (0.16)

Ward’s triangle BMD

LRb-BMD^†

0.62 (0.07)

0.69 (0.08)

Left rib BMD

RRb-BMD^†

0.62 (0.07)

0.70 (0.08)

Right rib BMD

LS-BMD^†

1.03 (0.17)

1.07 (0.16)

Lumbar spine BMD

Plv-BMD^†

1.04 (0.14)

1.12 (0.15)

Pelvis BMD

Fat mass (g)

LArm-Ft^†

1181 (359.1)

847.4 (299.5)

Left arm fat mass

RArm-Ft^†

1193 (367.7)

863.6 (308.4)

Right arm fat mass

Trk-Ft^†

10,102 (3450)

9169 (3448)

Trunk fat mass

WBT-Ft^†

19,835 (5324)

16,469 (5486)

Whole body total fat mass

Lean mass (g)

LArm-Ln^†

1711 (274.5)

2952 (486.4)

Left arm lean mass

RArm-Ln^†

1822 (290.6)

3090 (495.8)

Right arm lean mass

Trk-Ln^†

18,489 (2382)

25,170 (3358)

Trunk lean mass

WBT-Ln^†

37,204 (4616)

52,528 (6827)

Whole body total lean mass

Mass (g)

LArm-Ms^†

2893 (522.8)

3800 (639.5)

Left arm mass

RArm-Ms^†

3015 (536.7)

3954 (646.9)

Right arm mass

Trk-Ms^†

28,592 (5044)

34,339 (5853)

Trunk mass

WBT-Ms^†

57,040 (8565)

68,998 (10534)

Whole body total mass