Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of the study participants

Age, years old

61.1 ± 10.4

Male, n (%)

64 (52.9)

Longest pause, seconds

5.4 ± 2.4

Time of AF symptom onset, months

36.5 ± 32.3

Type of persistent AF, n (%)

17 (14.0)

AAD before procedure, n (%)

77 (63.6)

 Class I drug

66 (54.5)

 Class III drug

11 (9.1)

Antithrombotic drug, n (%)

109 (90.1)

 Warfarin

45 (37.2)

 Anti-platelet drug

60 (49.6)

 NOAC

4 (3.3)

LVEF

57.8 ± 7.9

LA size, mm

41.0 ± 5.6

E/e′

9.6 ± 5.2

Hypertension, n (%)

66 (54.5)

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

16 (13.2)

CHAS₂DS₂-VASc score

1.9 ± 1.3

 0, n (%)

15 (12.4)

 1, n (%)

39 (32.2)

 ≥ 2, n (%)

67 (55.4)

HAS-BLED score

1.6 ± 1.1