Table 1 Study characteristics
Study | Region | Design | Patients (%male) | Age (years) | Detection methods | Prevalence of CVC | Comparison of CVC | Events number HR (95% CI) | Follow-up (years) | Ajustment for covariates | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Takahashi 2013 [5] | Japan | Prospective study | HD 1290 (64.3) | 61 ± 13 | Echocardiography | 57.50% | No. of CVC vs. absence | All-cause death (335): 1.47 (1.05-2.08), one CVC:1.43 (1.02-2.00), two CVC: 2.16 (1.51-3.11); Cardiovascular death (156):2.09 (1.17-3.94), one CVC1.68 (1.01-2.83), two CVC:2.80 (1.63-4.81) | 10 | Age, diabetes, BMI, albumin, creatinine, CRP and LVEF | 8 |
Raggi 2011 [11] | USA | Prospective study | HD 144 (49.3) | 55.4 ± 14.6 | Echocardiography, EBCT | 57.60% | No. of CVC vs. absence | All-cause death (59); one CVC:1.06 (0.54- 2.08), two CVC:2.12 (1.12 - 4.01) | 5.6 | Age, race, gender, diabetes mellitus status, history of atherosclerotic coronary vascular disease and pulse pressure | 7 |
Wang 2003 [12] | China | Prospective study | PD 192 (51) | 60 ± 10 (CVC); 53 ± 13 (no CVC) | Echocardiography | 32.30% | Presence vs. absence | All-cause death (46):2.50 (1.32 to 4.76); Cardiovascular death (23):5.39 (2.16 to 3.48) | 1.49 | Age, male gender, dialysis vintage, diabetes and atherosclerotic | 7 |
Panuccio 2004 [6] | Italy | Prospective study | HD 202 (55.9) | 65.0 ± 10.6 (CVC); 57.1 ± 15.5 (no CVC) | Echocardiography | 23.27% | Presence vs. absence | All-cause death (96):1.20 (0.75-1.92); Cardiovascular death (66):1.48 (0.86-2.54) | 3.67 | Age, sex, diabetes, CRP, ADMA, and background CV complications | 7 |
Varma 2005 [13] | USA | Prospective study | HD 137 (54.7) | 63 ± 15 | Echocardiography | 47.40% | Presence vs. absence | All-cause death (59):2.48 (1.49-4.13) | 3.5 | Not provided | 5 |
Mohamed 2013 [14] | USA | Prospective study | 101 (67.3) | 57.7 ± 9.2 (CVC); 46.7 ± 12.9 (no CVC) | Echocardiography, MSCT | 35.64% | One CVC vs. absence | All-cause death (11): 1.37 (0.62-3.05) | 2.85 | Age, gender, and IL-6 | 7 |
Li 2016 [15] | China | Prospective study | HD 302 (53.6) | 60.9 ± 12.9 (CVC); 55.9 ± 15.8 (no CVC) | Echocardiography | 32.78% | Presence vs. absence | All-cause death (63):1.88 (1.11-3.19); Cardiovascular death (36): 3.47 (1.76-6.84) | 2 | Age, diabetes, beta- blocker, ACEI or ARB, pre-HD DBP, serum phosphorus, serum albumin, CRP, uric acid, LV systolic dysfunction, and history of CV events and HVC. | 8 |
Zhong 2011 [16] | China | Prospective study | HD 96 (57.3) | 61 ± 14 (CVC); 52 ± 8 (no CVC) | Echocardiography | 32.29% | Presence vs. absence | Cardiovascular death(12): 3.50 (2.23~ 5.52) | 1.46 | Age, gender, duration of dialysis, diabetes, atherosclerotic vascular disease, and CRP | 6 |
Wang 2014 [17] | China | Prospective study | PD 112 (61.6) | 71.57 ± 9.52 (CVC); 56.15 ± 15.28 (no CVC) | Echocardiography | Not provided | Presence vs. absence | All-cause death (26): 3.139 (1.181-8.345) | 4.18 | Age, diabetes, calcium, phosphorus, rGFR, CRP, and PA | 8 |
Chen 2016 [18] | China | Prospective study | HD 110 (58.2) | 55.2 ± 1.4 | Echocardiography | 25.50% | Presence vs. absence | All-cause death (25): 1.563 (0.637–3.836); Cardiovascular death (16): 3.80 (1.15-12.558) | 3.5 | Age, gender, albumin, AAC, and 25(OH)D | 7 |