Table 2 Clinical and metabolic characterization of patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy, type 1 diabetes and healthy individuals
Variables | CGL (n = 10) | Type 1 diabetes (n = 20) | Healthy (n = 20) | p1 | p2 | p3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female, % (n) | 60 (6) | 55 (11) | 60 (12) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Age (years) | 12 (7; 30) | 13 (7; 32) | 12 (7; 31) | 0.338 | 0.642 | 0.287 |
pBMI (%) children and adolescents | 62 (41; 94) n = 8 | 69 (7; 93) n = 16 | 52 (10; 82) n = 16 | 0.602 | 0.100 | 0.175 |
BMI (Kg/m2) adults | 22.3 (22.0; 22.7) n = 2 | 22.8 (21.2; 23.7) n = 4 | 23.7 (22.5; 24.8) n = 4 | 0.643 | 0.165 | 0.248 |
Age group | Pre-pubertal: 10 (1) | Pre-pubertal: 10 (2) | Pre-pubertal: 20 (4) | 1.000 | 0.508 | 0.294 |
Pubertal: 70 (7) | Pubertal: 70 (14) | Pubertal: 60 (12) | ||||
Adult: 20 (2) | Adult: 20 (4) | Adult: 20 (4) | ||||
Basal HR (bpm) | 90 (72; 109) | 77 (59; 99) | 71 (53; 94) | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0.440 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 123 (90; 175) | 102 (87; 126) | 104 (80; 113) | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.694 |
Dyastolic BP (mmHg) | 78 (50; 109) | 66 (50; 86) | 66 (60; 80) | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.479 |
Diabetes Mellitus, % (n) | 70 (7) | 100 (20) | 0 | 0.030 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 8 (1; 14) | 5 (1; 12) | 0 | NA | 0.260 | NA |
Glycated hemoglobin (mmol/mol) | 55 (25; 109) | 62 (33; 105) | 33 (22; 40) | 0.251 | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 7.2 (4.4; 12.1) | 7.8 (5.2; 11.8) | 5.2 (4.2; 5.8) | 0.251 | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Peripheral neuropathy, % (n) | 30 (3) | 15 (3) | 0 | 0.372 | 0.030 | 0.231 |
Nephropathy, % (n) | 60 (6) | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Metformin, % (n) | 80 (8) | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Pioglitazone, % (n) | 30 (3) | 0 | 0 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 1.000 |
Losartan, % (n) | 10 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0.333 | 0.333 | 1.000 |
Ciprofibrate, % (n) | 20 (2) | 0 | 0 | 0.106 | 0.106 | 1.000 |
Use of insulin, % (n) | 40 (4) | 100 (20) | 0 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 5.4 (3.8; 13,8) | 6,2 (4,2; 12,3) | 4.5 (4.7; 5.2) | 0.644 | 0.045 | 0.000 |
Basal insulin (mUI/mL) | 27.8 (6.7; 102.0) | NA | 9.8 (2.8; 13.4) | NA | 0.000 | NA |
HOMA-IR | 6.8 (1.2; 9.3) | NA | 2.2 (0.5; 2.8) | NA | 0.000 | NA |
Total Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.5 (2.5; 20.0) | NA | 4.0 (2.1; 5.1) | NA | 0.644 | NA |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 0.8 (0.6; 1.3) | NA | 1.4 (1.2; 2.2) | NA | 0.000 | NA |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.1 (1.2; 4.0) | NA | 2.2 (1.1; 3.7) | NA | 0.611 | NA |
Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.3 (1.0; 80.4) | NA | 0.8 (0.5; 1.7) | NA | 0.001 | NA |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 1.1 (0.8; 1.7) | NA | 4.9 (1.3; 33.0) | NA | 0.000 | NA |
ACR (mg/g) | 85.3 (3.1; 5535.0) | NA | 5.9 (2.5; 24.9) | NA | 0.004 | NA |