Table 2 The characteristics of 7 included studies
From: Thiazolidinedione use and atrial fibrillation in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis
Study, year | Study population | Patients (n) | Comparators | Daily dosage of TZDs | Follow-up | Definition of AF | Methods of AF detection | The variables of multivariate model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PROactive, 2005 [12] | Patients with type 2 diabetes who had evidence of macrovascular disease | 5238 | Pioglitazone (n = 2605) vs. placebo (n = 2633) | Titrated from 15 to 45 mg | 34.5 months | New-onset AF | NA | NA |
Anglade, 2007 [13] | Diabetic patients who underwent CABG and/or valvular surgery | 184 | Pioglitazone (n = 14), rosiglitazone (n = 24) and troglitazone (n = 2) vs. No TZD (n = 140) | Pioglitazone: average 30 mg Rosiglitazone: average 6 mg, Troglitazone: average 525 mg | 30 days | Postoperative AF | NA | NA |
RECORD, 2009 [14] | Patients with type 2 diabetes | 4447 | Rosiglitazone + metformin or sulfonylurea (n = 2220) vs. metformin and sulfonylurea (n = 2227) | Titrated from 4 to 8 mg | 5.5 years | New-onset AF | NA | NA |
Gu, 2011 | Type 2 diabetic patients with paroxysmal AF undergoing catheter ablation | 161 | Pioglitazone (n = 51) vs. No pioglitazone (n = 99) | 30 mg | 22.9 ± 5.1 months | Recurrent ATa (AF, AT, AFL) | ECG and Holter recording | Duration of PAF, LAD, treatment with ACEI/ARB |
Chao, 2012 [16] | Patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes. | 12,065 | Rosiglitazone (n = 4137) vs. No rosiglitazone (n = 7928) | NA | 63 ± 25 months | New-onset AF | NA | Age, HTN, CAD, chronic renal disease and use of statins or alpha-glucosidase inhibitors |
Liu, 2014 [17] | Diabetic patients with the first presence of persistent AF | 146 | Pioglitazone (n = 70) vs. placebo (n = 76) | 30 mg | 20.1 months | Recurrent AF | ECG, history of arrhythmia-related symptoms, and Holter monitoring | NA |
Pallisgaard, 2016 [18] | Diabetic patients of Danish nationwide registries | 108,624 | TZD (n = 2658) vs. other second-line antidiabetic drugs (n = 105,966) | NA | 12 years | New-onset AF | NA | Age, sex, stroke, HF, all cancer, hyperthyroidism, IHD, COPD, CKD, liver disease, vascular disease, HTN, statin use, prior CABG, and prior PCI |