Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of subjects with and without metabolic syndrome

Age (year)

55.16 ± 11.80

56.29 ± 10.47

54.79 ± 12.18

<0.0001

Male, n (%)

3108 (59.99)

701 (55.15)

2407 (61.56)

<0.0001

 Illiteracy/Primary School

638 (12.31)

188 (14.79)

450 (11.51)

0.0004

 Middle School

2295 (44.30)

583 (45.87)

1712 (43.79)

 High School or Higher

2248 (43.39)

500 (39.34)

1748 (44.71)

 < ¥1000

1239 (23.91)

264 (20.77)

975 (24.94)

0.0001

 ¥1000–3000

3431 (66.22)

903 (71.05)

2528 (64.65)

 > ¥3000

511 (9.86)

104 (8.18)

407 (10.41)

Body Mass Index (kg/m2)

24.94 ± 3.25

27.38 ± 3.00

24.15 ± 2.92

<0.0001

Waist circumference (cm)

86.12 ± 9.66

93.90 ± 7.26

83.59 ± 8.96

<0.0001

Waist-to hip ratio

0.88 ± 0.06

0.91 ± 0.06

0.87 ± 0.06

<0.0001

Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

131.33 ± 20.04

141.18 ± 18.36

128.12 ± 19.51

<0.0001

Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

82.86 ± 11.06

88.10 ± 10.79

81.16 ± 10.60

<0.0001

Fasting Plasma Glucose (mmol/L)

5.59 ± 1.51

6.37 ± 2.01

5.33 ± 1.20

<0.0001

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.53 ± 0.70

1.69 ± 0.74

1.48 ± 0.68

<0.0001

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.68 ± 1.42

2.60 ± 2.01

0.38 ± 1.00

<0.0001

High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol ( mmol/L)

1.63 ± 0.46

1.45 ± 0.41

1.68 ± 0.46

<0.0001

Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.63 ± 0.74

2.76 ± 0.87

2.58 ± 0.69

<0.0001

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein

2.13 ± 4.18

2.77 ± 4.25

1.92 ± 4.14

<0.0001

bapwv (cm/s)

1588.40 ± 401.62

1703.30 ± 371.57

1551.06 ± 403.98

<0.0001

Hypertension, n (%)

2500 (48.25)

980 (77.10)

1520 (38.87)

<0.0001

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

629 (12.14)

348 (27.38)

281 (7.19)

<0.0001

 Never

3233 (62.40)

812 (63.89)

2421 (61.92)

0.3655

 Former

291 (5.62)

73 (5.74)

218 (5.58)

 Current

1657 (31.98)

386 (30.37)

1271 (32.51)

 Never

3391 (65.51)

833 (65.54)

2561 (65.50)

0.7074

 Former

81 (1.56)

23 (1.81)

58 (1.48)

 Current

1706 (32.93)

415 (32.65)

1291 (33.02)

 Inactive

2087 (40.28)

506 (39.81)

1581 (40.43)

0.6289

 Moderately Active

1312 (25.32)

314 (24.70)

998 (25.52)

 Very Active

1782 (34.39)

451 (35.48)

1331 (34.04)