Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of Controls and Peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients, with and without type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Age, years

63 ± 3

64 ± 7

0.322

66 ± 6

63 ± 7

0.243

64 ± 7

63 ± 7

0.781

Gender,%male (n)

64 (7)

64 (21)

0.949

64 (7)

61 (14)

0,616

55 (6)

67 (8)

0.735

BMI, Kg/m²

26 ± 2

29 ± 4

<0.001

29 ± 4

29 ± 4

0,752

30 ± 5

29 ± 3

0.640

Smoking, % active

25 (3)

46 (15)

<0.001

50 (5)

44 (10)

0.912

45 (5)

35 (6)

0.692

SBP

136 ± 6

155 ± 19

<0.001

151 ± 16

156 ± 21

0.436

151 ± 19

161 ± 22

0.281

DBP

81 ± 4

81 ± 10

0.886

82 ± 11

81 ± 9

0.785

82 ± 6

80 ± 11

0.526

TotChol, mmol/L

5.7 ± 0.8

4.4 ± 0.9

<0.001

4.8 ± 0.8

4.3 ± 0.9

0.097

4.2 ± 1.3

4.3 ± 0.4

0.807

 LDL, mmol/L

3.7 ± 0.6

2.5 ± 0.8

<0.001

2.9 ± 0.7

2.4 ± 0.8

0.109

2.4 ± 1.1

2.4 ± 0.5

0.952

 HDL, mmol/L

1.4 ± 0.4

1.2 ± 0.4

0.116

1.4 ± 0.4

1.2 ± 0.3

0.144

1.2 ± 0.3

1.2 ± 0.4

0.102

 TG, mmol/L

1.1 [0.7–1.5]

1.3 [0.9–2.0]

0.196

1.1 [0.8–2.1]

1.3 [1.0–2.1]

0.384

1.2 [1.1–1.6]

1.6 [0.9–2.6]

0.525

CRP, mg/dl

1.3 [0.9–2.1]

2.6 [1.4–5.7]

0.038

1.8 [1.4–2.7]

2.9 [1.4–6.4]

0.144

2.9 [1.9–8.1]

2.9 [0.7–6.2]

0.525

Leucocytes, 10⁹/L

6.0 ± 1.4

7.4 ± 2.5

0.083

6.8 ± 2.2

7.7 ± 2.6

0.370

8.0 ± 2.4

7.6 ± 2.5

0.624

Diabetes

n/a

n/a

n/a

No

Yes

n/a

Yes

Yes

n/a

 Glucose, mmol/L

5.3 ± 0.4

7.3 ± 2.5

<0.001

5.7 ± 0.4

8.0 ± 2.6

0.001

7.1 ± 1.4

8.9 ± 3.2

0.102

 Insulin, pmol/L

n/a

n/a

n/a

89 [49–175]

103 [67–178]

0.464

85 [60–140]

174 [78–300]

0.122

 Hba1C

  mmol/mol

n/a

n/a

n/a

41 [38–49]

57 [48–82]

<0.001

49 [43–57]

78 [57–85]

0.006

  %

n/a

n/a

n/a

5.9 [5.6–6.6]

7.4 [6.5–9.7]

6.6 [6.1–7.4]

9.3 [7.4–9.9]

 c-peptide, mmol/L

n/a

n/a

n/a

560 [420–970]

670 [550–880]

0.621

800 [660–1110]

565 [355–790]

0.032

 HOMA-IR

n/a

n/a

n/a

2.3 [1.3–6.0]

5.1 [3.0–10.4]

0.032

3.2 [2.9–5.4]

9.8 [5.0–16]

0.038