Table 8 Comorbidities and current drug use significantly associated with hemorrhagic stroke, UGIB and LGIB

  History of hemorrhagic stroke

4 (5.7)

5 (0.5)

23.35 (5.11–106.73)

<0.01

   ≥ 1 hospitalization in the year before index date^c

35 (50.0)

282 (28.2)

1.93 (1.06–3.49)

0.03

  Diuretics

21 (30.0)

376 (37.6)

0.52 (0.28–0.99)

0.05

  NSAIDs

9 (12.9)

70 (7.0)

2.53 (1.12–5.68)

0.03

  Complicated peptic ulcer disease

15 (9.9)

27 (2.7)

3.71 (1.76–7.84)

<0.01

  Uncomplicated peptic ulcer disease

28 (18.4)

97 (9.7)

1.71 (1.02–2.86)

0.04

  Valvular heart disease

22 (14.5)

50 (5.0)

3.73 (1.95–7.11)

<0.01

   ≥ 1 hospitalization in year before index date^c

84 (55.3)

262 (26.2)

2.50 (1.62–3.86)

<0.01

  NSAIDs

23 (15.1)

80 (8.0)

2.25 (1.27–3.96)

0.01

  PPIs

68 (44.7)

316 (31.6)

1.62 (1.06–2.47)

0.03

  Pancreatic disease

4 (1.3)

8 (0.4)

4.49 (1.20–16.74)

0.03

  Unstable angina

75 (23.7)

283 (14.1)

1.86 (1.25–2.77)

<0.01

  Dyspepsia

104 (32.9)

390 (19.5)

1.64 (1.23–2.18)

<0.01

  Diabetes mellitus

46 (14.6)

343 (17.2)

0.62 (0.43–0.88)

0.01

   ≥ 1 hospitalization in year before index date^c

142 (44.9)

575 (28.7)

1.33 (0.98–1.79)

0.06

  Calcium-channel blockers

112 (35.4)

544 (27.2)

1.34 (1.02–1.75)

0.03

  NSAIDs

39 (12.3)

167 (8.3)

1.52 (1.02–2.25)

0.04

  PPIs

147 (46.5)

621 (31.1)

1.60 (1.22–2.10)

<0.01