Table 1 Distribution of socio demographic, behavioral, anthropometric, clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study participants
Variablesa | Disease freeb (n = 394) | Total casesb (n = 60) | P valuec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Male | 258 (65.5) | 29 (48.3) | 0.010 | |
Female | 136 (34.6) | 31 (51.7) | ||
Age (years) (M ± SD) | 53.73 ± 10.71 | 53.90 ± 10.75 | 0.909 | |
31–45 | 115 (29.2) | 19 (31.7) | 0.927 | |
46–60 | 180 (45.7) | 25 (41.7) | ||
61 yrs & above | 99 (25.1) | 16 (26.7) | ||
Education | ||||
None or Primary | 296 (75.1) | 52 (86.7) | <0.001 | |
Secondary level and above | 98 (24.9) | 8 (13.3) | ||
Gross National Income (per capita, US$) | ||||
Low income (≤905) | 204 (51.8) | 30 (50.0) | 0.858 | |
Lower-middle income (906–3595) | 190 (48.2) | 30 (50.0) | ||
Employment status | ||||
Unemployed/sacked from the present job/Retired/House maker/farmer | 236 (59.9) | 39 (65.0) | 0.448 | |
Office work/Business/Skilled labour/Rickshaw puller/day labour/Others | 158 (40.1) | 21 (35.0) | ||
Behavioral risk factors | ||||
Smoking Pattern | ||||
Non-smoker | 276 (70.1) | 45 (75.0) | 0.543 | |
Smoker | 118 (29.9) | 15 (25.0) | ||
Smokeless tobacco | ||||
Non smokeless tobacco | 242 (61.4) | 46 (76.7) | 0.022 | |
Regular smokeless tobacco | 152 (38.6) | 14 (23.3) | ||
Fruits intake pattern | ||||
Less than 1 servings/day | 393 (99.7) | 60.0 (100) | 0.594 | |
1–2 servings/day | 1 (0.3) | - | ||
Vegetables intake pattern | ||||
Less than 2 servings/day | 205 (52.0) | 39 (65.0) | 0.071 | |
3–5 servings/day | 189 (48.0) | 21 (35.0) | ||
Anthropometric risk factors | ||||
BMI (M ± SD) | 20.0 ± 3.6 | 19.6 ± 3.3 | 0.298 | |
Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 139 (35.3) | 25 (41.7) | 0.256 | |
Normal (18.51–23.0) | 176 (44.7) | 26 (43.3) | ||
Overweight and obese (>23.0) | 79 (20.1) | 9 (15.0) | ||
Waist circumference | 80.46 ± 10.0 | 81.5 ± 10.9 | 0.489 | |
Normal (<0.90 male, <0.80 female) | 300 (76.1) | 37 (61.7) | 0.021 | |
High risk (>0.90 male, >0.80 female) | 94 (23.9) | 23 (38.3) | ||
Waist Hip Ratio | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.06 | 0.916 | |
Normal (<0.95 male, <0.80 female) | 185 (47.1) | 22 (36.7) | 0.065 | |
Moderate (0.96–1.0 male, 0.81–0.85 female) | 57 (14.5) | 7 (11.7) | ||
High risk (>1.0 male, >0.85 female) | 151 (38.4) | 31 (51.7) | ||
Waist Height Ratio | 0.51 ± 0.06 | 0.52 ± 0.07 | 0.404 | |
<=0.5 (non central fat distribution - pears) | 195 (49.5) | 26 (43.3) | 0.375 | |
>0.5 (central fat distribution - apples) | 199 (50.5) | 34 (56.7) | ||
ABSI (m11/6/kg2/3) (M ± SD) | 0.0868 ± 0.0065 | 0.0895 ± 0.0070 | 0.003 | |
Clinical and biochemical risk factors | ||||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 115 ± 31 | 119 ± 24 | 0.273 | |
Normal (≤140 mmHg) | 375 (95.2) | 57 (95.0) | 0.394 | |
High (≥140 mmHg) | 19 (4.8) | 3 (5.0) | ||
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73 ± 14 | 77 ± 13 | 0.55 | |
Normal (≤90 mmHg) | 384 (97.5) | 52 (86.7) | 0.017 | |
High (≥90 mmHg) | 10 (2.5) | 8 (13.3) | ||
Hypertension | ||||
Normotensive | 340 (86.3) | 47 (78.3) | 0.043 | |
Pre-hypertensive | 49 (12.4) | 10 (16.7) | ||
Hypertensive | 5 (1.3) | 3 (5.0) | ||
Biochemical risk factors | ||||
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) | 4.44 ± 1.25 | 4.53 ± 1.02 | 0.555 | |
2 hrs after 75gm glucose (mmol/l) | 6.76 ± 2.09 | 6.83 ± 2.66 | 0.855 | |
Glycemic Status | ||||
Non diabetic | 280 (81.6) | 43 (76.8) | 0.368 | |
Pre-diabetic | 55 (16.0) | 11 (19.6) | ||
Diabetic | 8 (2.3) | 2 (3.6) | ||
Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 179 ± 44 | 179 ± 53 | 0.975 | |
<200 normal | 265 (75.9) | 48 (85.7) | 0.427 | |
200.01–240 border line high | 56 (16.0) | 2 (3.6) | ||
>240.01 high | 28 (8.0) | 6 (10.7) | ||
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 145 ± 100 | 145 ± 67 | 0.991 | |
<150 normal | 242 (69.2) | 39 (69.6) | 0.787 | |
150.01–200 border line high | 61 (17.5) | 11 (19.6) | ||
>200.01 high | 46 (13.2) | 6 (10.7) | ||
HDL (mg/dl) | 38 ± 10 | 37 ± 8 | 0.219 | |
Normal (male >40, Female >50) | 14 (4.0) | 1 (1.8) | 0.705 | |
Risk (male < 40, Female < 50) | 335 (96.0) | 55 (98.2) | ||
LDL (mg/dl) | 114 ± 31 | 114 ± 44 | 0.997 | |
Normal (LDL < 100) | 135 (38.8) | 23 (41.1) | 0.879 | |
Near normal (LDL ≥ 100.01 & < 130) | 123 (35.3) | 21 (37.5) | ||
High (LDL ≥ 130.01 & < 190) | 82 (23.6) | 8 (14.3) | ||
Very high (LDL > 190.01) | 8 (2.3) | 4 (7.1) | ||