Table 1 Baseline characteristics of acute heart failure patients with and without acute coronary syndrome
|  | Overall n = 2609 | ACS-AHF n = 725 (27.79 %) | NACS-ACS n = 1884 (72.21 %) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
 Age, years; mean ± SD | 61.34 ± 15 | 62.74 ± 13.1 | 60.80 ± 15.6 | 0.003 |
 Male, n (%) | 1717 (65.81) | 535 (73.79) | 1182 (62.74) | <0.001 |
 Saudi nationality, n (%) | 2230 (85.47) | 546 (75.31) | 1684 (89.38) | <0.001 |
Medical history | ||||
 Heart failure, n (%) | 1670 (64.2) | 315 (43.5) | 1355 (72.2) | <0.001 |
 Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 1376 (53.3) | 433 (60.1) | 943 (50.6) | <0.001 |
 PCI, n (%) | 340 (13.1) | 109 (15.0) | 231 (12.3) | 0.064 |
 CABG, n (%) | 261 (10.0) | 52 (7.2) | 209 (11.1) | 0.003 |
 Rheumatic heart disease, n (%) | 183 (7.1) | 4 (0.5) | 179 (9.6) | <0.001 |
 Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 408 (15.7) | 37 (5.1) | 371 (19.8) | <0.001 |
 ICD, n (%) | 229 (8.8) | 31 (4.3) | 198 (10.5) | <0.001 |
 CRT, n (%) | 85 (3.3) | 7 (0.8) | 78 (4.1) | <0.001 |
 Stroke/TIA, n (%) | 252 (9.7) | 67 (9.2) | 185 (9.8) | 0.637 |
 PAD, n (%) | 99 (3.8) | 37 (5.1) | 62 (3.3) | 0.034 |
 Anemia, n (%) | 1166 (44.9) | 301 (41.7) | 865 (46.2) | 0.043 |
 Chronic lung disease, n (%) | 185 (7.1) | 37 (5.1) | 148 (7.9) | 0.013 |
 Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 771 (29.7) | 163 (22.5) | 608 (32.4) | <0.001 |
 Liver disease, n (%) | 91 (3.5) | 9 (1.2) | 82 (4.4) | <0.001 |
 Thyroid disorder, n (%) | 172 (6.8) | 28 (4.0) | 144 (7.9) | <0.001 |
Risk factors for atherosclerosis | ||||
 Smoking, n (%) | 467 (17.9) | 182 (25.1) | 285 (15.1) | <0.001 |
 Hypertension, n (%) | 1831 (70.6) | 506 (70.8) | 1325 (70.5) | 0.914 |
 Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 894 (36.4) | 289 (42.7) | 605 (34.0) | <0.001 |
 Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1668 (64.1) | 518 (72.0) | 1150 (61.1) | <0.001 |
Clinical parameters on presentation | ||||
 Acute de novo HF, n (%) | 939 (36.0) | 410 (56.5) | 529 (28.1) | <0.001 |
 Acute on chronic HF, n (%) | 1670 (64.0) | 315 (43.4) | 1355 (71.9) | |
 BMI, kg/m2; mean ± SD* | 29.16 ± 6.7 | 28.12 ± 5.4 | 29.55 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
 SBP, mean ± SD | 128.7 ± 31.3 | 126.6 ± 29.8 | 129.5 ± 31.9 | 0.038 |
 DBP, mean ± SD | 74.10 ± 17.9 | 73.67 ± 17.1 | 74.26 ± 18.2 | 0.454 |
 HR, mean ± SD | 88.8 ± 21.0 | 89.7 ± 19.1 | 88.5 ± 21.7 | 0.185 |
Investigations | ||||
 Electrocardiography | ||||
  Atrial fibrillation/flutter, n (%) | 449 (17.2) | 52 (7.2) | 397 (21.1) | <0.001 |
  QRS ≥120 msec, n (%) | 389 (14.9) | 68 (9.4) | 321 (17.1) | <0.001 |
  LBBB, n (%) | 305 (11.7) | 62 (8.5) | 243 (12.9) | 0.002 |
 Biochemical parameters | ||||
  Sodium, mmol/L; mean ± SD | 135.1 ± 5.3 | 135.0 ± 5.4 | 135.2 ± 5.3 | 0.322 |
  Potassium, mmol/L; mean ± SD | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 0.644 |
  Urea, μmol/L; mean ± SD | 11.87 ± 9.1 | 11.11 ± 8.4 | 12.16 ± 9.3 | 0.008 |
  Creatinine, μmol/L; median (IQR] | 109.0 (70.0) | 109.0 (62.0) | 109.0 (73.0) | 0.923 |
  eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2; median (IQR) | 57.28 (43.5) | 56.32 (41.9) | 57.82 (44.1) | 0.444 |
  Hemoglobin, g/dL; mean ± SD | 12.43 ± 2.2 | 12.76 ± 2.3 | 12.31 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
  RBS, mmol/L; mean ± SD | 10.01 ± 5.7 | 11.43 ± 6.2 | 9.45 ± 5.4 | <0.001 |
  NT-Pro-BNP, pmol/L; n (%) | 435 (16.7) | 101 (13.9) | 334 (17.7) | 0.019 |
  NT-Pro-BNP, pmol/L; median (IQR) | 675.0 (668) | 999.0 (1679) | 631.5 (684) | <0.001 |
  Positive troponin, n (%) | 867 (37.4) | 693 (98.6) | 174 (10.8) | <0.001 |
 Echocardiography | ||||
  Left ventricular EF >55 %, n (%) | 341 (13.7) | 50 (7.2) | 291 (16.2) | <0.001 |
  Left ventricular EF 40–54.9 % | 334 (13.4) | 113 (16.2) | 221 (12.3) | <0.001 |
  Left ventricular EF 30–9.9 % | 632 (25.3) | 258 (37.1) | 374 (20.8) | <0.001 |
  Left ventricular EF <30 % | 1187 (47.6) | 275 (39.5) | 912 (50.7) | <0.001 |