Table 1 Baseline characteristics of subjects

Male, %

53.3

51.4

57.3

0.142

Age, years

42.9 (8.2, 42.7–43.1)

45.7 (8.5, 45.4–45.9)

50.1 (7.6, 48.5–51.8)

<0.001

BMI, kg/m²

25.6 (3.6, 25.5–25.7)

26.3 (4.1, 26.2–26.5)

28.5 (5.3, 27.3–29.6)

<0.001

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

134.8 (19.8, 134.3–135.2)

144.6 (22.7, 143.8–145.3)

148.4 (25.6, 142.8–154.0)

<0.001

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

80.6 (11.8, 80.4–80.9)

84.7 (13.0, 84.3–85.2)

87.9 (13.3, 84.9–90.8)

<0.001

Cholesterol, mmol/l

6.4 (1.3, 6.4–6.5)

6.6 (1.4, 6.5–6.6)

6.9 (1.5, 6.6–7.2)

<0.001

Smoker, %

36.0

30.6

30.5

<0.001

Cardiac disease, %

6.9

9.6

23.2

<0.001

Heart rate, bpm

73.6 (14.1, 73.2–73.9)

78.8 (16.5, 78.3–79.3)

79.3 (15.8, 75.8–82.7)

<0.001

QRS duration, ms

86.9 (8.4, 86.7–87.1)

87.1 (8.6, 86.8–87.3)

88.5 (11.9, 85.9–91.1)

0.163

QTc, ms

404.6 (26.9, 403.9–405.2)

414.6 (27.5, 413.7–415.4)

415.4 (31.2, 408.5–422.2)

<0.001

Left ventricular hypertrophy^a, %

30.5

33.2

25.6

0.008

Electrocardiographic signs of myocardial infarction, %

0.4

0.7

4.9

<0.001

Electrocardiographic signs of coronary artery disease, %

8.5

11.9

23.2

<0.001