Table 1 Characteristics of study participants by diabetes status

Sample size

Men

7,202

2,001

678

Women

8,947

2,756

330

Age

Men

43 ± 13

51 ± 10

(t = 28.11***)

56 ± 10

(t = 26.72***)

Women

44 ± 12

51 ± 9

(t = 27.54***)

55 ± 9

(t = 16.60***)

Systolic blood pressure

Men

125 ± 14

131 ± 15

(t = 15.12***)

136 ± 18

(t = 18.53***)

Women

118 ± 15

125 ± 15

(t = 21.58***)

132 ± 18

(t = 16.43***)

Diastolic blood pressure

Men

76 ± 11

81 ± 11

(t = 17.26***)

82 ± 11

(t = 14.03***)

Women

70 ± 10

73 ± 11

(t = 14.32***)

77 ± 12

(t = 11.19***)

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

Men

205 ± 35

215 ± 35

(t = 8.07***)

214 ± 37

(t = 4.54***)

Women

209 ± 37

225 ± 38

(t = 18.34***)

230 ± 40

(t = 9.21***)

HDL-C (mg/dl)

Men

61 ± 17

60 ± 17

(t = 3.90***)

57 ± 18

(t = 5.81***)

Women

77 ± 18

75 ± 19

(t = 3.63***)

70 ± 18

(t = 6.66***)

Triglycerides

(mg/dl)

Men

129 ± 112

156 ± 139

(t = 8.96***)

170 ± 133

(t = 8.82***)

Women

78 ± 52

95 ± 56

(t = 14.18***)

121 ± 80

(t = 14.30***)

CAVI

Men

7.43 ± 0.99

7.97 ± 0.96

(t = 21.28***)

8.49 ± 1.11

(t = 26.08***)

Women

7.24 ± 0.92

7.62 ± 0.89

(t = 18.93***)

8.09 ± 1.02

(t = 16.38***)

Body Mass Index (kg/m²)

Men

23.5 ± 3.2

24.6 ± 3.3

(t = 13.56***)

25.1 ± 3.9

(t = 12.46***)

Women

21.3 ± 3.0

22.5 ± 3.6

(t = 17.79***)

24.3 ± 4.2

(t = 17.53***)

Abnormally high CAVI score

Men

12.8

18.5

(χ² = 43.41***)

30.4

(χ² = 157.25***)

Women

15.2

18.9

(χ² = 21.01***)

34.2

(χ² = 85.95***)

Drinkers

Men

74.3

77.9

(χ² = 10.62**)

72.7

(χ² = 0.81)

Women

43.1

36.9

(χ² = 34.05***)

23.0

(χ² = 52.65***)

Ex-smokers

Men

23.3

29.5

(χ² = 33.23***)

31.7

(χ² = 24.29***)

Women

9.4

7.6

(χ² = 35.23***)

9.1

(χ² = 10.24**)

Smokers

Men

46.0

43.1

(χ² = 33.23***)

41.4

(χ² = 24.29***)

Women

12.8

9.4

(χ² = 35.23***)

7.0

(χ² = 10.24**)