| | |
Controls
|
Cases
| | |
|---|
|
Variables
| |
N
|
(%)
|
N
|
(%)
|
Crude OR
|
(95 % CI)
|
P
|
|---|
|
Sample size
| |
10,726
|
(100.0)
|
2,686
|
(100.0)
| | | |
|
Female
| |
3,280
|
(30.6)
|
824
|
(30.7)
| | | |
|
Age (y)
|
Mean (± SD)
|
67.1
|
(±10.0)
|
67.1
|
(±10.0)
| | | |
|
CHADS2 score
|
|
0
|
8,830
|
(82.3)
|
1,703
|
(63.4)
|
1.00
|
(Ref.)
| |
|
1–2
|
1,695
|
(15.8)
|
838
|
(31.2)
|
3.33
|
(2.99–3.71)
|
<0.001
|
|
> 2
|
201
|
(1.9)
|
145
|
(5.4)
|
5.85
|
(5.03–6.79)
|
<0.001
|
|
Comorbidities, yes (Ref. = No)
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
800
|
(7.5)
|
552
|
(20.6)
|
3.33
|
(2.94–3.76)
|
<0.001
|
|
Hypertension
|
418
|
(3.9)
|
268
|
(10)
|
2.77
|
(2.36–3.26)
|
<0.001
|
|
Congestive heart failure
|
800
|
(7.5)
|
570
|
(21.2)
|
3.43
|
(3.04–3.87)
|
<0.001
|
|
Stroke
|
1,372
|
(12.8)
|
654
|
(24.3)
|
2.21
|
(1.98–2.45)
|
<0.001
|
|
Asthma
|
133
|
(1.2)
|
74
|
(2.8)
|
2.28
|
(1.70–3.04)
|
<0.001
|
|
COPD
|
246
|
(2.3)
|
196
|
(7.3)
|
3.43
|
(2.82–4.18)
|
<0.001
|
|
Chronic kidney disease
|
118
|
(1.1)
|
108
|
(4)
|
3.76
|
(2.88–4.91)
|
<0.001
|
|
Chronic liver disease
|
28
|
(0.3)
|
16
|
(0.6)
|
2.29
|
(1.23–4.22)
|
0.008
|
|
Parkinson disease
|
20
|
(0.2)
|
8
|
(0.3)
|
1.60
|
(0.70–3.63)
|
0.260
|
|
Dementia
|
49
|
(0.5)
|
24
|
(0.9)
|
1.96
|
(1.20–3.19)
|
0.007
|
|
Medication use, yes (Ref. = No)
|
|
Antineoplastic drug
|
67
|
(0.6)
|
71
|
(2.6)
|
4.35
|
(3.10–6.10)
|
<0.001
|
|
PPI
|
1,127
|
(10.5)
|
665
|
(24.8)
|
2.86
|
(2.56–3.19)
|
<0.001
|
|
Steroid
|
1,756
|
(16.4)
|
736
|
(27.4)
|
1.96
|
(1.77–2.16)
|
<0.001
|
|
ACEI/ARB
|
5,983
|
(55.8)
|
1,674
|
(62.3)
|
1.33
|
(1.21–1.45)
|
<0.001
|
|
Antiviral drug
|
143
|
(1.3)
|
47
|
(1.7)
|
1.32
|
(0.95–1.84)
|
0.100
|
|
Immunosuppressants
|
19
|
(0.2)
|
12
|
(0.4)
|
2.53
|
(1.22–5.20)
|
0.010
|
|
Immuostimulants
|
7
|
(0.1)
|
8
|
(0.3)
|
5.01
|
(1.72–14.5)
|
0.003
|
|
Nitrate
|
6,277
|
(58.5)
|
1,847
|
(68.8)
|
1.62
|
(1.47–1.78)
|
<0.001
|
|
Antiplatelet
|
9,151
|
(85.3)
|
2,330
|
(86.7)
|
1.13
|
(0.99–1.28)
|
0.050
|
|
Vaccine (influenza or pneumococcal)
|
2,551
|
(23.8)
|
631
|
(22.8)
|
0.94
|
(0.85–1.05)
|
0.280
|
-
ACEI/ARB angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blockade, CHADS
2
congestive heart failure, hypertension, age > 75 years, diabetes, previous stroke, CI confidence interval, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, OR odds ratio, PPI proton pump inhibitor, Ref reference group, SD standard deviation
