Fig. 4

Echocardiography hemodynamic assessment. Echocardiographic analyses performed before and at the conclusion of DM2 induction (T0 and 36 weeks), and at 52 weeks. Fractional shortening (a), ejection fraction (b), systolic volume (c), end-diastolic volume (d) and cardiac output (e). Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. HFD mice vs. normal mice *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. G-CSF-treated mice vs. saline-treated mice ^# p < 0.05. HFD mice (T0) vs. G-CSF-treated mice ^††† p < 0.01. HFD mice (36 weeks) vs. G-CSF-treated mice ^δ p < 0.05. For cardiac output (e), G-CSF-treated mice vs. saline-treated mice ^## p < 0.01, HFD mice (T0) vs. G-CSF-treated mice ^††† p < 0.01, HFD mice (36 weeks) vs. G-CSF-treated mice ^δ p < 0.05