Table 4 Difference in left ventricular rotational parameters between participants with prior myocardial infarction as compared to healthy controls

Govind et al. 2010 Case–control Level 3 D&B = 23 2D-STE***

Yes

↓

↓

↓

Participants with MI and normal EF (>40%) had elevated twist and apical rotation rate as compared to participants with MI and low EF (<40%).

Bansal et al. 2008 Case–control Level 3 D&B = 17 2D-STE**

No

↓

↓

↓

Increasing number of infarcts was related to decreased basal rotation and torsion but not apical rotation.

Takeuchi et al. 2007 Case–control Level 3 D&B = 17 2D-STE**

Yes

↔/↓

↔

↔/↓

↔/↓

↔

↔/↑

Anterior MI participants were divided into those with normal (≥45%) and reduced (<45%) EF. Only reduced EF participants had reduced twist and apical rotation as well as time to peak untwist as compared to controls.

Nagel et al. 2000 Case–control Level 3 D&B = 15 MRI Tagging

No

↓

↔

↔

↑

Apical rotation is reduced in those with anterolateral MI but no difference between groups in mid level or basal rotation occurred. In a subgroup of anterolateral MI participants with accompanying LV aneurism, there is a complete loss of apical rotation and a reversal of mid level rotation that rotates with the base instead of the apex as in healthy controls.

Garot et al. 2002 Case–control Level 3 D&B = 15 MRI Tagging

No

Only mid-ventricle (between apex and base) rotation was reported. Mid-ventricle rotation was reduced in those with MI. Those with normal EF (>48%) had higher rotation than those with low EF (<48%).

Setser et al. 2007 Case–control Level 3 D&B = 14 MRI Tagging

No

↔

↔

↓

Ischemic cardiomyopathy/MI compared to healthy controls.