Table 1 Weighted characteristics of the study population based on Manganese quartiles

Age, years

47.90 ± 0.39

49.74 ± 0.58

48.33 ± 0.55

47.18 ± 0.58

46.03 ± 0.46

< 0.001

Sex, %

< 0.001

 Male

4563 (49.6%)

1419 (15.4%)

1275 (13.8%)

1106 (12.0%)

763 (8.3%)

 Female

4644 (50.4%)

913 (9.9%)

1116 (12.1%)

1229 (13.3%)

1386 (15.1%)

Race, %

< 0.001

 Mexican American

1098 (11.9%)

176 (1.9%)

260 (2.8%)

302 (3.3%)

360 (3.9%)

 Other Hispanic

910 (9.9%)

195 (2.1%)

250 (2.7%)

246 (2.7%)

219 (2.4%)

 Non-Hispanic Black

2063 (22.4%)

819 (8.9%)

541 (5.9%)

425 (4.6%)

278 (3.0%)

 Non-Hispanic White

3765 (40.9%)

1007 (10.9%)

1069 (11.6%)

986 (10.7%)

703 (7.6%)

 Other race

1371 (14.9%)

135 (1.5%)

271 (2.9%)

376 (4.1%)

589 (6.4%)

 Family PIR

3.10±0.05

3.22±0.07

3.12±0.06

3.10±0.07

2.94±0.07

0.002

Education level, %

0.250

 Less than high school

1627 (17.7%)

405 (4.4%)

415 (4.5%)

420 (4.6%)

387 (4.2%)

 High school

2029 (22.0%)

573 (6.2%)

513 (5.6%)

485 (5.3%)

458 (5.0%)

 More than high school

5551 (60.3%)

1354 (14.7%)

1463 (15.9%)

1430 (15.5%)

1304 (14.2%)

Marital status, %

0.450

 Having a partner

5476 (59.5%)

1354 (14.7%)

1396 (15.2%)

1395 (15.2%)

1331 (14.5%)

 No partner

1913 (20.8%)

535 (5.8%)

500 (5.4%)

487 (5.3%)

391 (4.2%)

 Unmarried

1818 (19.7%)

443 (4.8%)

495 (5.4%)

453 (4.9%)

427 (4.6%)

Smoker, %

0.002

 Never

5288 (57.4%)

1215 (13.2%)

1314 (14.3%)

1370 (14.9%)

1389 (15.1%)

 Former

2197 (23.9%)

613 (6.7%)

606 (6.6%)

541 (5.9%)

437 (4.7%)

 Now

1722 (18.7%)

504 (5.5%)

471 (5.1%)

424 (18.2%)

323 (3.5%)

Alcohol user, %

< 0.001

 No

1189 (12.9%)

233 (2.5%)

258 (2.8%)

327 (3.6%)

371 (4.0%)

 Former

1093 (11.9%)

288 (3.1%)

273 (3.0%)

263 (2.9%)

269 (2.9%)

 Mild

3505 (38.1%)

934 (10.1%)

896 (9.7%)

894 (9.7%)

781 (8.5%)

 Moderate

1569 (17.0%)

376 (4.1%)

435 (4.7%)

395 (4.3%)

363 (3.9%)

 Heavy

1851 (20.1%)

501 (5.4%)

529 (5.7%)

456 (5.0%)

365 (4.0%)

Hypertension, %

0.430

 No

5253 (57.1%)

1212 (13.2%)

1343(14.6%)

1361 (14.8%)

1337 (14.5%)

 Yes

3954 (42.9%)

1120 (12.2%)

1048 (11.4%)

974 (10.6%)

812 (8.8%)

DM, %

0.410

 No

7500 (81.5%)

1836 (19.9%)

1987 (21.6%)

1902 (20.7%)

1775 (19.3%)

 Yes

1707 (18.5%)

496 (5.4%)

404 (4.4%)

433 (4.7%)

374 (4.1%)

CHD, %

0.120

 No

8867 (96.3%)

2223 (24.1%)

2306 (25.0%)

2247 (24.4%)

2091 (22.7%)

 Yes

340 (3.7%)

109 (1.2%)

85 (0.9%)

88 (1.0%)

58(0.6%)

CHF, %

0.430

 No

8942 (97.1%)

2250 (24.4%)

2327 (25.3%)

2262 (24.6%)

2103 (22.8%)

 Yes

265 (2.9%)

82 (0.9%)

64 (0.7%)

73 (0.8%)

46 (0.5%)

Angina, %

0.790

 No

9003(97.8%)

2278(24.7%)

2332 (25.3%)

2285 (24.8%)

2108 (22.9%)

 Yes

204 (2.2%)

54 (0.6%)

59 (0.6%)

50 (0.5%)

41 (0.4%)

Heart attack, %

0.400

 No

8860 (96.2%)

2225 (24.2%)

2296 (24.9%)

2244 (24.4%)

2095 (22.8%)

 Yes

347 (3.8%)

107 (1.2%)

95 (1.0%)

91 (3.9%)

54 (0.6%)

Stroke, %

0.130

 No

8880 (96.4%)

2216 (24.1%)

2311 (25.1%)

2263 (24.6%)

2090 (22.7%)

 Yes

327 (3.6%)

116 (1.3%)

80 (0.9%)

72 (0.8%)

59 (0.6%)

PA, %

0.110

 Never

5205 (56.5%)

1283 (13.9%)

1306 (14.2%)

1318 (14.3%)

1298 (14.1%)

 Mild

2079 (22.6%)

522 (5.7%)

564 (6.1%)

521 (5.7%)

472 (5.1%)

 Moderate

1578 (17.1%)

436 (4.7%)

428 (4.6%)

411 (4.5%)

303 (3.3%)

 Vigorous

345 (3.7%)

91 (1.0%)

93 (1.0%)

85(0.9%)

76 (0.8%)

BMI, kg/m²

29.39 ± 0.15

28.47 ± 0.17

29.14 ± 0.20

29.92 ± 0.22

30.15 ± 0.29

< 0.001

waist circumference, cm

100.36 ± 0.35

99.28 ± 0.42

99.86 ± 0.52

101.37 ± 0.52

101.05 ± 0.72

< 0.001

SBP, mmHg

122.10 ± 0.32

122.86 ± 0.53

122.21 ± 0.51

122.05 ± 0.50

121.08 ± 0.46

0.050

DBP, mmHg

71.18 ± 0.32

71.09 ± 0.40

70.79 ± 0.46

71.34 ± 0.37

71.61 ± 0.37

0.100

Mean energy

2100.52 ± 12.69

2186.20 ± 24.29

2106.93 ± 19.32

2057.58 ± 24.55

2042.26 ± 23.42

< 0.001

intake (kcal/day)

Hemoglobin, g/dL

14.21 ± 0.03

14.23 ± 0.04

14.33 ± 0.04

14.32 ± 0.04

13.90 ± 0.05

< 0.001

Glucose, mg/dl

99.66 ± 0.47

99.71 ± 0.76

99.42 ± 0.88

100.02 ± 0.85

99.46 ± 0.84

0.950

BUN, mg/dL

13.98 ± 0.10

14.53 ± 0.15

14.12 ± 0.16

13.90 ± 0.18

13.22 ± 0.17

< 0.001

UA, mg/dL

5.41 ± 0.02

5.51 ± 0.05

5.42 ± 0.04

5.42 ± 0.04

5.28 ± 0.04

0.004

Scr, mg/dL

0.88 ± 0.00

0.93 ± 0.01

0.89 ± 0.01

0.87 ± 0.01

0.83 ± 0.01

< 0.001

TC, mg/dL

193.67 ± 0.72

192.13 ± 1.26

194.12 ± 1.21

195.66 ± 1.28

192.41 ± 1.28

0.200

TG, mg/dL

151.42 ± 2.08

148.80 ± 3.10

155.83 ± 3.82

152.05 ± 3.10

148.03 ± 3.24

0.260

HDL-C, mg/dL

1.40 ± 0.01

1.41 ± 0.02

1.39 ± 0.01

1.38 ± 0.01

1.39 ± 0.02

0.540