Table 1 Baseline levels of subjects in the 12 studies included in the meta-analysis

Andriessen 2022

Adults with type 2 diabetes

RTC

3 weeks

14:10

14/14

N/A

7.9 ± 1.3

67.5 ± 5.2

7 F/7 M

BMI:30.5 ± 3.7

N/A

Anton 2019

Overweight, sedentary older adults

One group pretest–posttest design

4 weeks

16:08

10/10

N/A

5.87 ± 1.57

≥ 65

6 F/4 M

BMI:34.1 ± 3.3; WC:109.43 ± 12.9 cm

SBP:145.9 ± 15.6

DBP:78.1 ± 12.4

Brady 2021

Middle and long-distance runners

RTC

8 weeks

16:08

10/7

N/A

N/A

36.4 ± 7.4

17 M

Body mass:75.6 ± 9.3 kg; Fat mass:12.4 ± 4.3 kg; Height:1.79 ± 0.06 m

N/A

Cai 2019

NAFLD patients

RTC

4 weeks/12 weeks

16:08

95/79

TG:2.65 ± 1.69; LDL:2.55 ± 0.79; HDL:1.16 ± 0.50

5.09 ± 0.90

34.54 ± 6.96

145 F/52 M

BMI:26.34 ± 2.73; Fat mass:29.06 ± 3.64 kg

Lean mass:43.65 ± 3.95 kg; WC:92.59 ± 4.98 cm

N/A

Chiu 2022

Healthy male adults

RTC

5 days

16:08

8/8

TG:1.45 ± 0.70

3.94 ± 0.18

22 ± 1.3

8 M

BMI:26.0 ± 0.38

N/A

Chow 2020

Overweight adults

RTC

12 weeks

16:08

11/12

TG:0.98 ± 0.24

5.06 ± 0.72

45.5 ± 12.1

17 F/3 M

BMI 34.1 ± 7.5; Fat mass:45.6 ± 20.7 kg;

Lean Mass:51.1 ± 8.7 kg

SBP:123 ± 13

DBP:79 ± 8

Correia 2021

Healthy male physical education students

RTC

30 days

16:08

12/12

N/A

N/A

22.4 ± 2.8

12 M

BMI:24.2 ± 2.0; Body mass: 73.6 ± 9.5 kg

N/A

Kesztyüs 2021

Healthy adults

One group pretest–posttest design

3 months

16:08

61/63

TG:1.31 ± 0.66; HDL:1.74 ± 0.39; LDL:3.48 ± 0.89

N/A

47.8 ± 10.5

53 F/8 M

BMI:26.1 ± 4.6 ;WC:89.1 ± 12.0 cm

N/A

Lin 2022

Middle-aged women

RTC

8 weeks

16:08

30/33

TG:1.22 ± 0.53; HDL:1.64 ± 0.31; LDL:2.79 ± 0.68

4.97 ± 0.48

54.2 ± 7.9

65 F

BMI:25.7 ± 3.8 ;WC:89.7 ± 9.5 cm

SBP:121.1 ± 12.9

DBP:71.2 ± 10

Moro 2016

Resistance trained males

RTC

8 weeks

16:08

17/17

TG:1.52 ± 0.18; HDL:1.40 ± 0.26; LDL:3.00 ± 0.30

5.34 ± 3.63

29.21 ± 3.8

34 M

Body mass:84.6 ± 6.2 kg; Fat mass:11.05 ± 4.27 kg

N/A

Peeke 2021

Adults with obesity

Two group pretest–posttest design

8 weeks

14:10; 12:12

30/30

N/A

5.64 ± 1.09

44 ± 11

26 F/4 M

BMI:38.9 ± 7.7

N/A

Zhao 2022

Adults with obesity

One group pretest–posttest design

8 weeks

14:10

15/15

TG:1.7 ± 0.6; HDL:1.06 ± 0.21

5.7 ± 0.4

63 ± 4

15 M

BMI:30.5 ± 2.4; WC:113 ± 4 cm

SBP:136 ± 19

DBP:83 ± 10