Table 1 Operational definitions

LVSD

- All measurements are averages of three measurements

- If any one of the three measurements was positive then it was considered enough to define LV systolic dysfunction except in patients with LVH where the presence of LVEF ≤ 50% is mandatory to define LVSD^a

LVEF < 50% (biplane Simpson’s method)

S’ wave velocity < 8 (TDI)

(Ref. [14])

Septal MAPSE < 7 mm

Lateral MAPSE < 8 mm (Ref. [15])

LVDD is defined as any measurement which fell outside of the depicted values for E/A ratio and deceleration time (normal ranges).

- A combination of 3 positive findings were considered to define diastolic dysfunction.

Normal values for E/A ratio and deceleration time

E/A ratio = 0.8 - 1.5

Deceleration time = 140 – 240 ms

Septal E/e’ ratio >15

e’ Lateral < 10 (age < 55),

< 9 (age 55 - 65)

< 8 (age > 65)

Grade I LVDD

E/A < 0.8, Reduced e’ for age

(Ref. [16])

Grade II LVDD

E/A > 0.8, Reduced e’ for age,

Dilated left atrium (Ref. [16])

Grade III LVDD

E/A > 1.5, Reduced e’ for age

E-wave DT < 140 ms