Table 2 Procedural characteristics

Bordignon 2019

Amulet Amplatzer = 9

6

N/A

N/A

9

TEE

Modified Brockenbrough technique and no LAA angiography. Under 60° to 75° TEE view, the device was advanced in the LAA until the proximal edge of the partially opened lobe was in line with the circumflex coronary artery. Under the counterclockwise torque of the sheath, the lobe was then fully opened in the proximal LAA

[12]

Jin 2022

Lambre = 7

N/A

N/A

2

7

TEE

Transseptal access was obtained via the right femoral vein under fluoroscopic guidance, and a guidewire was slowly advanced into the left atrium. Turned the Swartz sheath clockwise to facilitate the advancement of the guidewire into the left superior pulmonary vein. Then, replaced the Swartz sheath with a delivery sheath and then delivered the pigtail catheter in the left superior pulmonary vein and dropped the pigtail catheter to the LAA ostium by slowly pulling the sheath and catheter back

[13]

Marroquin 2022

Watchman = 1

Watchman FLX = 4

ACP = 3

Amulet Amplatzer = 41

Lambre = 4

N/A

N/A

18

53

TEE

Standard deployment techniques and no-touch technique (involves avoiding guidewire or catheter manipulation within the LAA by loading the closure device with the delivery sheath in the left superior pulmonary vein)

[19]

Beneduce 2019

Watchman FLX = 1

N/A

N/A

1

1

3D TEE and fluoroscopy

No-touch technique. After transseptal puncture, the delivery sheath was pulled back from the left upper pulmonary vein over a stiff guidewire. The device was unsheathed to obtain a ball conformation of its closed distal end, advanced toward the LAA ostium, and successfully deployed under TEE and fluoroscopic monitoring

[20]

Lange 2016

ACP = 1

N/A

N/A

N/A

1

TEE and fluoroscopy

No-touch technique. After placing delivery sheath near proximal LAA, slow injection of contrast followed by advancement of partially open Amulet until the diameter of LAAC exceeded midportion LAA diameter

[21]

Saccà 2017

Amulet Amplatzer = 1

N/A

N/A

1

1

TEE and fluoroscopy

Standard endocardial LAAC procedure

[22]

Jalal 2016

ACP = 1

Amulet Amplatzer = 2

N/A

N/A

N/A

3

3D TEE and fluoroscopy

No-touch technique. Transseptal sheath was advanced into LSPV and over-the-wire exchange was performed with delivery sheath. The delivery sheath was pulled back slightly from the vein and was advanced toward LAA ostium without engaging

[23]

Lee 2018

Watchman = 3

ACP = 6

Amulet Amplatzer = 1

N/A

N/A

N/A

10

TEE and fluoroscopy

Delivery sheath was retracted in front of LAA, and the device was carefully pushed into LAA to avoid touching the thrombus in 4 cases with ACP or Amulet. In 3 cases each with ACP and Watchman, the sheath was gently introduced before the thrombus, and devices were deployed

[24]

Popescu 2022

Lambre = 1

N/A

N/A

1

1

TEE and fluoroscopy

Modified Brockenbrough technique and selective PV and LAA angiography. The SL1 sheath was changed over a guidewire with the LAmbre sheath and the device landing zone diameter was measured by TEE and biplane angiography. The corresponding device was loaded on the delivery system and then advanced in the LA through the LAmbre sheath

[25]

Tan 2021

Watchman = 2

N/A

N/A

1

2

TEE

The Sentinel CPS device was placed using standard practices via the right radial artery with the two filters successfully deployed in the brachiocephalic and left common carotid artery. Using a 14 Fr double curve Watchman access sheath, a 30 mm Watchman device was successfully deployed at the ostium

[26]

Tsai 2023

Watchman = 2

Amulet Amplatzer = 8

10

10

9

10

TEE

No-touch technique. Put the wire in the left superior pulmonary vein and introduced the large LAAC sheath into the left superior pulmonary vein. Then, the wire was withdrawn, and the sheath tip was manipulated and guided to the vicinity of the LAA ostium under the TEE guidance. Then, the Amulet lobe was partially deployed here and then slowly moved into the LAA neck or landing zone under the TEE guidance and then the lobe and disk were fully deployed in 8 cases with Amulet. In 2 cases each with Watchman, put the Watchman sheath system in the left superior pulmonary vein, and gently guided and advanced the sheath system into the LAA by counterclockwise rotation

[27]

Bellmann 2017

ACP = 1

N/A

N/A

N/A

1

TEE and fluoroscopy

No LAA angiography and fishball technique (device lobe is partially deployed until a small lobe). Transseptal sheath was advanced into LSPV and over-the-wire exchange was performed with delivery sheath. Partial deployment of the device takes place in the orifice of the LSPV, then delivery sheath is pulled out and device advanced into LAA

[28]

Aytemir 2016

Amulet Amplatzer = 1

N/A

N/A

N/A

1

3D TEE and fluoroscopy

No LAA angiography. The delivery catheter was advanced up to the LAA ostium and the lobe of the device was pushed to obtain a “ballshape” allowing for better TEE visualization of the device position. Under TEE guidance, the lobe of the Amulet was then carefully advanced up to the landing zone, proximal to the LAA thrombus, and deployed at that level followed by deployment of the disc

[29]

Dugo 2016

Amulet Amplatzer = 1

N/A

N/A

N/A

1

TEE

No LAA angiography. Device was advanced into landing zone under TEE

[30]

Lee 2017

ACP = 1

N/A

N/A

N/A

1

TEE and fluoroscopy

No-touch technique. Made a ball with a lobe of the device by retracting the sheath in front of LAA. Sheath with device was pushed cautiously to the landing zone not to touch the LAA thrombus under guidance of transesophageal echocardiography, the lobe was deployed at position of landing zone followed by deployment of the disc

[31]

De Roeck 2019

Amulet Amplatzer = 1

1

1

1

1

TEE

No LAA angiography. The LAA closure device was successfully implanted solely under TEE guidance

[32]

Chang 2023

Watchman FLX = 2

N/A

N/A

2

2

TEE

Device was advanced into landing zone under TEE

[33]

Mohandes 2020

Lambre = 1

N/A

N/A

1

1

TEE

No LAA angiography. A partial umbrella delivery of a LAmbre 24/30 mm was done in front of LAA ostium and the whole system was advanced up to the point immediately before thrombus in LAA superior lobe

[34]

Kaczmarek 2021

Watchman = 2

Watchman FLX = 2

ACP = 13

N/A

N/A

N/A

17

TEE and fluoroscopy

No LAA angiography in 8 cases. 5 cases underwent LAA angiographies with gentle hand contrast injections through pigtail catheters

[35]

Marcon 2023

Watchman FLX = 6

N/A

N/A

6

6

TEE or ICE

“One shot technique” and a stepwise approach based on continuous ICE monitoring (It consists of ICE guided trans-septal puncture and guidewire advancement within the left superior pulmonary vein; exchange with long delivery sheath; trans-septal crossing with the ICE probe, reaching the point allowing the best LAA view (usually at the LSPV ostium); LAA occluder sizing based on landing zone measurement and LAA occluder deploy under ICE monitoring)

[36]

Cruz-Gonzalez 2017

Lambre = 1

N/A

N/A

1

1

TEE and fluoroscopy

Partial deployment of device at the LAA ostium and it was advanced under simultaneous counterclockwise rotation

[37]

Cammalleri 2016

ACP = 1

N/A

N/A

1

1

TEE

Standard endocardial LAAC procedure

[38]

Pak 2013

ACP = 1

N/A

N/A

N/A

1

TEE

Transseptal sheath was advanced into LSPV and over-the-wire exchange was performed with delivery sheath Then, the sheath was gently rotated to LAA direction. With cautious LAA angiography with minimal touching, device was deployed

[39]

Yadav 2017

Watchman = 2

N/A

N/A

N/A

2

TEE

After standard trans-septal puncture, nonselective angiogram of the LAA was performed and shallow intubation of the appendage, the pigtail catheter positioned to enable telescoping of the delivery sheath into the LAA

[40]

Martins 2018

Amulet Amplatzer = 1

N/A

N/A

1

1

ICE

Standard endocardial LAAC procedure

[41]

Del Furia 2017

ACP = 1

N/A

N/A

1

1

3D TEE

Standard endocardial LAAC procedure

[42]