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Table 1 Patient characteristics and RIFLE criteria

From: The serum heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (HFABP) levels can be used to detect the presence of acute kidney injury on admission in patients admitted to the non-surgical intensive care unit

 

total (n = 494)

no AKI (n = 349)

AKI

 

Class R (n = 83)

Class I (n = 36)

Class F (n = 26)

P value

Age (years old)

71 (62–79)

71 (62–80)

71 (64–79)

67 (62–76)

78 (69–81)

0.092

Gender (male, %)

336 (68.0 %)

237 (67.9 %)

56 (67.5 %)

28 (77.8 %)

15 (57.7 %)

 

Etiology

 Acute Heart Failure (yes)

242 (49.0 %)

186 (53.3 %)

37 (44.6 %)

12 (33.3 %)

7 (26.9 %)

0.008

 Acute Aortic Dissection (yes)

48 (9.7 %)

34 (9.7 %)

11 (13.3 %)

3 (8.3 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.255

 Pulmonary Thromboembolism (yes)

21 (4.3 %)

17 (4.9 %)

3 (3.6 %)

1 (2.8 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.624

 Arrhythmia (yes)

65 (13.2 %)

38 (10.9 %)

14 (16.9 %)

7 (19.4 %)

6 (23.1 %)

0.109

 Coronary Spasms (yes)

22 (4.5 %)

21 (6.0 %)

1 (1.2 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.073

 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (yes)

13 (2.6 %)

10 (2.9 %)

1 (1.2 %)

1 (2.8 %)

1 (3.4 %)

0.829

 Infectious disease (yes)

32 (6.5 %)

9 (2.6 %)

9 (10.8 %)

7 (19.4 %)

7 (26.9 %)

<0.001

 Other Intensive Care disease (yes)

36 (7.3 %)

20 (5.7 %)

6 (7.2 %)

5 (13.9 %)

5 (19.2 %)

0.028

Past medical history

 Chronic Kidney Disease (yes)

211 (42.7 %)

159 (45.6 %)

31 (37.3 %)

12 (33.3 %)

9 (34.6 %)

0.249

 Hypertension (yes)

360 (72.9 %)

260 (74.5 %)

55 (66.3 %)

25 (69.4 %)

20 (76.9 %)

0.435

 Diabetes mellitus (yes)

174 (35.2 %)

115 (33.0 %)

36 (43.4 %)

9 (25.0 %)

14 (53.8 %)

0.032

 Dyslipidemia (yes)

234 (47.4 %)

170 (48.7 %)

40 (48.2 %)

14 (38.9 %)

10 (38.5 %)

0.544

Vital signs and status

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

147 (116–174)

156 (129–182)

137 (101–164)

115 (103–133)

107 (87–128)

<0.001

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

80 (64–100)

84 (70–101)

74 (60–91)

64 (52–74)

55 (44–70)

<0.001

 Pulse Rate (beats/min)

98 (75–119)

100 (78–120)

92 (67–115)

97 (66–110)

83 (59–120)

0.141

 Respiratory Rate (beats/min)

25 (20–32)

25 (20–32)

24 (17–34)

21 (18–27)

20 (15–26)

0.050

 Body Temperature (°C)

36.3 (35.7–36.8)

36.3 (35.8–36.7)

36.3 (35.5–36.8)

36.7 (36.2–37.3)

36.6 (35.9–37.5)

0.006

 Body Mass Index (%)

22.9 (20.3–25.4)

23.1 (20.4–25.8)

23.0 (21.0–25.2)

21.7 (19.8–23.8)

22.7 (19.0–25.1)

0.094

 LVEF (%)

50 (32–65)

50 (35–64)

47 (29–65)

45 (29–69)

50 (45–65)

0.466

Arterial blood gas

 pH

7.40 (7.28–7.44)

7.40 (7.29–7.44)

7.37 (7.20–7.42)

7.40 (7.31–7.46)

7.35 (7.27–7.42)

0.052

 PCO2 (mmHg)

38 (33–48)

39 (34–48)

36 (33–53)

32 (27–40)

34 (30–43)

<0.001

 PO2 (mmHg)

101 (73–156)

100 (72–149)

112 (73–181)

116 (80–162)

81 (68–128)

0.249

 HCO3 - (mmol/l)

22.4 (19.2–24.9)

23.1 (20.6–25.1)

20.4 (17.8–24.3)

20.2 (15.5–23.5)

18.8 (14.7–23.0)

<0.001

 SaO2 (%)

97 (94–99)

97 (94–99)

97 (94–99)

98 (96–99)

96 (93–98)

0.243

 Lactate (mmol/l)

1.7 (1.1–3.3)

1.5 (1.1–2.6)

2.7 (1.4–6.1)

2.0 (1.1–8.4)

2.4 (1.2–7.4)

<0.001

Laboratory data

 WBC (U/l)

9,630 (7,000–12,590)

9,245 (6,868–12,018)

10,250 (7,915–13,630)

10,800 (7,810–14,710)

8,370 (6,678–13,405)

0.018

 Hemoglobin (g/dl)

12.6 (10.7–14.3)

12.7 (11.1–14.4)

13.4 (10.8–14.7)

11.3 (9.4–12.7)

9.7 (8.5–11.9)

<0.001

 BUN (mg/dl)

22.4 (16.5–33.3)

19.9 (15.9–28.2)

24.9 (18.3–33.2)

39.3 (23.8–51.1)

55.6 (46.5–83.1)

<0.001

 Creatinine (mg/dl)

1.10 (0.82–1.69)

0.99 (0.75–1.35)

1.23 (1.00–1.53)

1.74 (1.12–2.16)

3.27 (2.20–4.84)

<0.001

 Sodium (mmol/l)

140 (137–142)

140 (138–142)

139 (136–142)

137 (133–142)

139 (136–142)

0.007

 Potassium (mmol/l)

4.1 (3.8-4.7)

4.0 (3.7-4.5)

4.3 (3.9-4.9)

4.5 (3.8-5.5)

4.9 (3.9-6.5)

<0.001

 BS (mg/dl)

157 (122–235)

154 (119–233)

174 (144–303)

143 (124–242)

130 (97–174)

<0.001

 CRP (mg/dl)

0.61 (0.11–3.17)

0.41 (0.09–1.27)

0.99 (0.14–5.88)

3.34 (0.83–9.08)

3.51 (0.42–8.17)

<0.001

 Uric Acid (mg/dl)

6.8 (5.2–8.2)

6.4 (5.1–7.6)

8.2 (6.1–9.2)

7.4 (6.7–9.9)

8.4 (6.0–11.8)

<0.001

 BNP (pg/ml)

431 (95–951)

426 (76–901)

389 (157–750)

691 (139–2007)

437 (263–1231)

0.090

 hs-TropT (ng/ml)

0.05 (0.02–0.12)

0.04 (0.02–0.09)

0.05 (0.02–0.18)

0.07 (0.05–0.38)

0.08 (0.05–0.14)

<0.001

 Nt-proBNP (pg/ml)

2,550 (633–8,653)

2,333 (378–6,753)

2,746 (924–7,958)

6,975 (1,946–47,228)

10,959 (2,686–23,400)

<0.001

 H-FABP (ng/ml)

11.7 (6.2–27.8)

8.8 (5.4–17.7)

21.1 (10.2–47.9)

41.5 (16.7–71.6)

79.2 (29.9–200.3)

<0.001

Mechanical Support (cases) during the ICU stay

 NPPV (yes, %)

209 (42.3 %)

161 (46.1 %)

35 (42.2 %)

10 (27.8 %)

3 (11.5 %)

0.002

 ETI (yes, %)

121 (24.5 %)

53 (15.2 %)

36 (43.4 %)

18 (50.0 %)

14 (53.8 %)

<0.001

 Pacing (yes, %)

37 (7.5 %)

20 (5.7 %)

8 (9.6 %)

6 (16.7 %)

3 (11.5 %)

0.069

 IABP (yes, %)

26 (5.3 %)

9 (2.6 %)

10 (12.0 %)

5 (13.9 %)

2 (7.7 %)

<0.001

 PCPS (yes, %)

17 (3.4 %)

5 (1.4 %)

7 (8.4 %)

3 (8.3 %)

2 (7.7 %)

0.002

 CHDF (yes, %)

60 (12.1 %)

15 (4.3 %)

11 (13.3 %)

17 (47.2 %)

17 (65.4 %)

<0.001

  1. LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction measured on echocardiography, WBC white blood cell, BUN blood urea nitrogen, BS blood sugar, CRP C-reactive protein, BNP brain natriuretic peptide, hs-TropT high-sensitivity troponin T, Nt-proBNP N-Terminal pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide, H-FABP heart-type fatty acid binding, ICU intensive care unit, NPPV noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, ETI endotracheal intubation, IABP intra-aortic balloon pumping, PCPS percutaneous cardiopulmonary support, CHDF continuous hemodiafiltration
  2. p value between the three groups determined according to a one-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test
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