Table 1 Demographic characteristics of study subjects

Gender (n, %)

Male

22

30.1%

Female

51

69.9%

Age on admission (n, %)

Mean ± SD

76.2 ± 10.3

Aged 30-54

4

5.5%

Aged 55-64

4

5.5%

Aged 65-74

16

21.9%

Aged 75-84

37

50.7%

85 or above

12

16.4%

Social history (n, %)

Smoker

6

8.2%

Ex-smoker

17

23.3%

Non-smoker

30

41.1%

Unknown

20

27.4%

Ejection fraction on admission

Mean ± SD

64.3 ± 8.9%

NYHA class on admission (n, %)

Class I – II

10

13.7%

Class III

35

47.9%

Class IV

19

26.0%

Unknown

9

12.3%

Comorbidity (n, %)

Hypertension^#

56

76.7%

Diabetes mellitus^#

34

46.6%

Renal impairment^$

12

16.4%

Comorbid with 2 of the above

22

30.1%

Comorbid with 3 of the above

10

13.7%

Coronary artery disease

25

34.2%

Atrial fibrillation

17

23.3%

Blood pressure (n = 72)

 • Systolic BP (mean ± SD)

155.9 ± 35.1 mmHg

 • Diastolic BP (mean ± SD)

78.4 ± 19.0 mmHg

 • ≥140/90 mmHg (n, %)

51 70.8%

 • Comorbid with HTN (n = 55), ≥ 140/90 mmHg (n, %)

39 70.9%

 • Comorbid with DM (n = 33), ≥ 130/80 mmHg (n, %)

28 84.4%

Blood glucose

HbA1c (n = 32)

Mean ± SD

6.7 ± 1.3%

>6.5% (n, %)

14

43.8%

Comorbid with DM (n = 25), > 6.5% (n, %)

14

56.0%

Fasting blood glucose (n = 32)

Mean ± SD

7.2 ± 3.3 mmol/L

≥7 mmol/L

10

31.3%

Comorbid with DM (n = 16), ≥ 7 mmol/L (n, %)

9

56.3%

Lipid panel

LDL (n = 42, mean ± SD)

2.2 ± 1.0 mmol/L

HDL (n = 42, mean ± SD)

1.4 ± 0.6 mmol/L

Triglyceride (n = 43, mean ± SD)

1.4 ± 0.6 mmol/L

Total cholesterol (n = 45, mean ± SD)

4.2 ± 1.3 mmol/L

Serum creatinine (n = 73)

Mean ± SD

142.0 ± 100.7 umol/L

>200 umol/L^$$ (n, %)

12

16.4%

Mean ± SD of subjects with sCr > 200 umol/L

330.7 ± 111.2 umol/L