Nonsmokers (n = 747) | Former smokers (n = 469) | Present smokers (n = 337) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years)*¥ | 56.14 (65.09-43.64) | 55.69 (64.44-46.71) | 48.24 (56.08-37.25) | <0.001 |
Males (%) | 212 (28.4) | 271 (57.8) | 133 (39.5) | <0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 307 (41.1) | 219 (46.7) | 103 (30.6) | <0.001 |
Diabetes (%) | 79 (10.6) | 65 (13.9) | 34 (10.1) | 0.145 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 214 (28.6) | 177 (37.7) | 82 (24.3) | <0.001 |
Obesity (%) | 161 (21.6) | 114 (24.3) | 62 (18.4) | 0.124 |
Antihypertensive drugs (%) | 223 (29.9) | 162 (34.5) | 66 (19.6) | <0.001 |
Lipid-lowering drugs (%) | 126 (16.9) | 122 (26.0) | 48 (14.2) | <0.001 |
Antidiabetic drugs (%) | 52 (7.0) | 46 (9.8) | 25 (7.4) | 0.187 |
Office SBP (mmHg)*¥ | 123.75 (134.63-113.50) | 125.50 (138.00-114.50) | 121.25 (131.38-109.13) | <0.001 |
Office DBP (mmHg) | 76.50 (83.50-70.50) | 77.00 (83.38-70.00) | 75.50 (82.50-70.00) | 0.377 |
Office heart rate (bpm)*¥# | 71.50 (78.50-64.50) | 69.50 (76.50-61.13) | 75.00 (82.63-67.00) | <0.001 |
Central SBP (mmHg)*¥ | 124 (135–114) | 125 (137–115) | 121 (132–110) | 0.002 |
Central DBP (mmHg) | 76 (83–70) | 77 (84–70) | 75 (82–68) | 0.188 |
BMI (kg/m2)*¥ | 26.67 (29.56-24.05) | 27.07 (29.96-24.90) | 25.64 (28.52-22.90) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) ¥# | 92 (100–84) | 95 (104–88) | 91.00 (99–82) | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 215.41 ± 38.77 | 213.36 ± 39.10 | 210.74 ± 39.28 | 0.192 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL)* | 95 (133–69) | 96 (136–73) | 104 (147–75) | 0.026 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 133.85 ± 36.78 | 133.18 ± 34.89 | 132.36 ± 36.75 | 0.827 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)*# | 59.00 (70.00-49.00) | 56.00 (67.00-47.00) | 54.00 (64.75-45.00) | <0.001 |
Mean IMT (mm) (n = 265) ¥ | 0.68 ± 0.10 | 0.70 ± 0.11 | 0.65 ± 0.11 | 0.045 |
Maximum IMT (mm) (n = 265) ¥ | 0.83 ± 0.12 | 0.86 ± 0.13 | 0.81 ± 0.13 | 0.042 |
PWV (m/sec) (n = 265) | 7.10 (8.60-6.38) | 7.30 (8.95-6.35) | 6.65 (7.95-5.57) | 0.032 |
PAIx75 (%) #¥ | 89 (101–78) | 86 (97–75) | 90 (103–77) | 0.003 |
ABI #¥ | 1.17 ± 0.13 | 1.19 ± 0.14 | 1.16 ± 0.14 | 0.005 |