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Table 4 Multivariable Adjusted Rate Ratios for Alcohol Consumption in the CAREMA Cohort, 1987-2003

From: Smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and family history and the risks of acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris: a prospective cohort study

 

Acute Myocardial Infarction

Unstable Angina Pectoris

 
 

Cases/person-years

Adjust. 1a

Adjust. 2b

Cases/person-years

Adjust. 1a

Adjust. 2b

 
  

RR

95% CI

RR

95% CI

 

RR

95% CI

RR

95% CI

P heterogeneity c

Alcohol consumption

           

Never

63/26,819

1

reference

1

reference

40/26,819

1

reference

1

reference

 

Ex

13/2,677

0.96

0.53, 1.77

0.99

0.54, 1.82

7/2,677

1.06

0.47, 2.40

1.10

0.49, 2.48

 

Occasionally

77/48,218

0.86

0.61, 1.20

0.89

0.63, 1.25

57/48,218

1.04

0.69, 1.57

1.08

0.71, 1.62

 

Regular

267/131,859

0.54

0.41, 0.73

0.65

0.48, 0.87

170/131,859

0.66

0.45, 0.95

0.72

0.49, 1.05

0.86

P trend

  

<0.001

 

0.002

  

0.008

 

0.05

 

Total alcohol consumption d (glasses/day)

           

Never

63/26,819

1

reference

1

reference

40/26,819

1

reference

1

reference

 

>0 - 2

165/90,441

0.60

0.44, 0.82

0.69

0.50, 0.94

107/90,441

0.71

0.48, 1.05

0.77

0.52, 1.15

 

>2 - 4

69/29,221

0.48

0.33, 0.70

0.61

0.42, 0.90

39/29,221

0.55

0.34, 0.90

0.64

0.38, 1.05

 

>4

33/12,197

0.40

0.26, 0.63

0.54

0.34, 0.86

24/12,197

0.70

0.40, 1.21

0.82

0.46, 1.46

0.89

P trend

  

<0.001

 

0.003

  

0.04

 

0.18

 

Continuous, 1-glass/day incrementse

267/131,859

0.91

0.85, 0.98

0.94

0.88, 1.01

170/131,859

0.98

0.90, 1.07

0.99

0.91, 1.08

0.70

Beer consumption d,f (glasses/day)

           

Never

63/26,819

1

reference

1

reference

40/26,819

1

reference

1

reference

 

No beer

46/31,949

0.75

0.49, 1.15

0.85

0.55, 1.30

34/31,949

0.92

0.55, 1.53

1.00

0.60, 1.66

 

>0 - 2

144/71,186

0.58

0.42, 0.81

0.65

0.47, 0.91

86/71,186

0.68

0.44, 1.03

0.73

0.47, 1.12

 

>2 - 4

51/20,360

0.49

0.33, 0.73

0.62

0.41, 0.93

33/20,360

0.69

0.41, 1.16

0.79

0.46, 1.34

 

>4

26/8,364

0.45

0.27, 0.73

0.58

0.35, 0.96

17/8,364

0.74

0.40, 1.39

0.84

0.44, 1.60

0.96

P trend

  

<0.001

 

0.005

  

0.12

 

0.28

 

Continuous, 1-glass/day incrementse

267/131,859

0.92

0.85, 0.99

0.94

0.87, 1.02

170/131,859

1.00

0.92, 1.09

1.01

0.93, 1.10

0.62

Wine consumption d,f (glasses/day)

           

Never

63/26,819

1

reference

1

reference

40/26,819

1

reference

1

reference

 

No wine

177/63,871

0.67

0.47, 0.94

0.74

0.52, 1.04

103/63,871

0.73

0.47, 1.12

0.78

0.50, 1.22

 

>0 - 2

85/63,013

0.60

0.42, 0.86

0.69

0.48, 1.00

60/63,013

0.68

0.44, 1.06

0.77

0.49, 1.20

 

>2

5/4,975

0.34

0.13, 0.86

0.44

0.17, 1.12

7/4,975

0.79

0.34, 1.83

0.97

0.42, 2.26

0.82

P trend

  

0.002

 

0.02

  

0.11

 

0.30

 

Continuous, 1-glass/day incrementse

267/131,859

0.91

0.74, 1.11

0.95

0.77, 1.16

170/131,859

0.94

0.73, 1.19

0.97

0.77, 1.23

0.47

Liquor consumption d,f (glasses/day)

           

Never

63/26,819

1

reference

1

reference

40/26,819

1

reference

1

reference

 

No liquor

200/100,509

0.70

0.50, 0.98

0.78

0.56, 1.09

126/100,509

0.73

0.48, 1.11

0.79

0.52, 1.21

 

>0 - 2

60/29,754

0.50

0.34, 0.74

0.56

0.38, 0.84

42/29,754

0.59

0.36, 0.97

0.65

0.40, 1.06

 

>2

7/1,596

0.46

0.20, 1.02

0.58

0.26, 1.30

2/1,596

0.27

0.06, 1.16

0.31

0.07, 1.30

0.97

P trend

  

<0.001

 

0.007

  

0.02

 

0.05

 

Continuous, 1-glass/day incrementse

267/131,859

0.89

0.71, 1.11

0.93

0.74, 1.17

170/131,859

0.68

0.47, 0.99

0.69

0.48, 1.01

0.23

  1. Adjust, adjustment; CI, confidence interval; RR, rate ratio.
  2. Table summary: Alcohol consumption was associated with a protective effect on the risk of both AMI and UAP, which was independent of the type of alcoholic beverage consumed. These associations seemed to be stronger for the risk of AMI than of UAP although not statistically significant (p heterogeneity > 0.05).
  3. a Rate ratios adjusted for age at baseline (years), sex, baseline cohort (PPHVZ or MORGEN), smoking status (never, ex- or current smoker), smoking frequency (cigarettes/day), smoking duration (years), total cholesterol level (mmol/L), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), level of education (primary school/junior vocational education, secondary vocational education or vocational college/university), family history of premature MI (yes/no), and body mass index (kg/m2).
  4. b Additionally adjusted for intermediates: HDL cholesterol level (mmol/L) and systolic blood pressure (mmHg).
  5. c Heterogeneity test for the difference in the RRs between AMI and UAP. The p values were similar for the models with and without adjustments for intermediates.
  6. d Exclusion of ex- and occasional drinkers from the analyses.
  7. e Analyses restricted to regular drinkers (≥1 glass/week).
  8. f Additionally adjusted for the other alcoholic beverages.
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BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

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