BMC Cardiovascular Disorders BioMed Central

Background In order to establish a consistent method for brachial artery reactivity assessment, we analyzed commonly used approaches to the test and their effects on the magnitude and time-course of flow mediated dilation (FMD), and on test variability and repeatability. As a popular and noninvasive assessment of endothelial function, several different approaches have been employed to measure brachial artery reactivity with B-mode ultrasound. Despite some efforts, there remains a lack of defined normal values and large variability in measurement technique. Methods Twenty-six healthy volunteers underwent repeated brachial artery diameter measurements by B-mode ultrasound. Following baseline diameter recordings we assessed endothelium-dependent flow mediated dilation by inflating a blood pressure cuff either on the upper arm (proximal) or on the forearm (distal). Results Thirty-seven measures were performed using proximal occlusion and 25 with distal occlusion. Following proximal occlusion relative to distal occlusion, FMD was larger (16.2 ± 1.2% vs. 7.3 ± 0.9%, p < 0.0001) and elongated (107.2 s vs. 67.8 s, p = 0.0001). Measurement of the test repeatability showed that differences between the repeated measures were greater on average when the measurements were done using the proximal method as compared to the distal method (2.4%; 95% CI 0.5–4.3; p = 0.013). Conclusion These findings suggest that forearm compression holds statistical advantages over upper arm compression. Added to documented physiological and practical reasons, we propose that future studies should use forearm compression in the assessment of endothelial function.


Background
Stenosis of the proximal segment of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) is a special subgroup of coronary artery disease (CAD), given the high-risk profile that these lesions have alone or in the context of multivessel disease [1,2].Patients with proximal LAD occlusion in association with low left ventricular ejection fraction have been reported to have 19-fold higher mortality than the general population [3].
The data from previous studies suggest that the outcome after revascularization depends on the distribution of prerevascularization coronary artery disease.In that regard, the severity and location of LAD involvement have been identified as important determinants of outcome in patients with CAD [4].This lesion carries a high risk of restenosis after balloon angioplasty with reported patency rate at six month-follow-up of approximately 75% [5].However, some studies have shown that stenting may reduce the rate of restenosis in these lesions in comparison with balloon angioplasty [6].Specifically, drug-eluting stents have been shown to be related to significantly reduced restenosis rates compared to bare metal stents [7,8].
Numerous studies have investigated the outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and bypass surgery in patients with LAD stenosis [9][10][11].Generally, the presence of a proximal LAD stenosis has swayed the cardiologists to refer the patients to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) presuming these lesions have an overall higher rate of restenosis than proximal left circumflex or right coronary artery [12].However, according to the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association, only type B2/C lesions of the LAD carry a high risk of target vessel revascularization (TVR) and morbidity [13] and surgery has been proposed as a better option only for such lesions [14].According to the 2003 report from the Iranian Statistical Center, 14100 PCI procedures were performed in 50 hospitals in Iran.Of these, approximately 1700 procedures were carried out in Tehran Heart Center (THC).Because of the clinical significance of the lesions located in proximal LAD, our objective in this study was to evaluate the procedural results, in-hospital and longterm clinical outcomes of PCI on proximal LAD, proximal left circumflex (LCX) or right coronary artery(RCA), and non-proximal LAD.

Study population
From a total of 1737 consecutive patients undergoing PCI at THC between March 2004 and March 2005, a patient cohort with PCI for de novo narrowing in the proximal segments of coronary arteries or non-proximal LAD were included in the study.Patients with cardiogenic shock, primary PCI, total occlusions, and multivessel or multilesion PCI were excluded.Among the 785 remaining patients: 408 had PCI on proximal LAD, 133 underwent PCI on proximal LCX or RCA, and 244 patients were treated with PCI on non-proximal LAD.In study I (n = 541), we compared the outcomes of PCI on proximal LAD versus proximal LCX/RCA.In study II (n = 652), the outcome of PCI on proximal LAD versus non-proximal LAD were compared.Baseline, clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics plus in-hospital outcomes were obtained by research physicians and entered into a computerized database by computer operators.Finally, 449 patients in study I and 549 patients in study II agreed to participate in follow-up programs.They were monitored by cardiologists 1, 5, and 9 months post angioplasty and once a year thereafter.Patient follow up was done in the clinic or by formal telephone interviews.Clinical data obtained were: major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), and TVR (CABG or repeated PCI).The data were recorded in data sheets and later transferred into a computerized database.This study was approved by the THC Ethics Committee.Informed consent was obtained from patients before enrolment into this study.

Definitions
Patients already taking hypertensive medication or those whose average of two blood pressure readings at least five minutes apart in the sitting posture was ≥ 140/90 mmHg were labeled as hypertensive [15].Patients with a history of taking antihyperlipidemic drugs, total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl or low density lipoprotein ≥ 130 mg/dl were defined as hypercholestrolemic [16].Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed to be present if a patient had a definite history of treated diabetes, fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/ dl or two-hour post-load glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl, based on the guidelines of the American Diabetes Association [17].Angina symptoms were defined according to the classification of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society [18].Lesion types were noted according to the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/ AHA) lesion characteristics classification [19].Left ventricular ejection fraction was obtained from cardiac catheterization ventriculograms.Q wave MI was defined as the presence of new Q waves in post-procedure electrocardiograms with a 3-fold increase in MB fraction of creatinine kinase.Non-Q wave MI was defined as a 3-fold increase in MB fraction of creatinine kinase without the development of new Q waves [20].Angiographic success was defined as residual stenosis <20% for stenting and <50% for balloon angioplasty plus normal Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 3 flow.Procedural success was defined as angiographic success without major complications (death, MI, emergency CABG or PCI) during hospitalization [19].Major adverse cardiac events were defined as the presence of cardiac death, MI, and TVR during follow-up.TVR was defined as ischemia-driven repeat percutaneous intervention or bypass surgery of the target vessel.Target lesion revascularization (TLR) was defined as ischemiadriven repeat percutaneous intervention of the target lesion or bypass surgery of the target vessel [21].Proximal stenosis was defined as stenosis located between the origin of the vessel to the takeoff of the first side branch (first diagonal branch for LAD).

Coronary procedures
Patients received 325 mg of Aspirin before the procedure, which was continued indefinitely.Coronary stenting was performed by standard methods.After stent placement, ticlopidine (250 mg twice daily) or clopidogrel (75 mg once daily) was given routinely for 4 weeks for bare metal stents and 6 to 12 months for drug-eluting stents.Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blocker was not used in any patient.Angiographic findings such as vessel dimensions, pre-and post-procedural stenoses, lesion length, and TIMI flow grade were determined by visual estimation using the guiding catheter as a reference object for calibration.The angiographic characteristics were also further analyzed by an independent interventional cardiologist not involved in the procedure and checked for inter-observer agreement (kappa coefficient = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.85-0.97).

Statistical analysis
Statistical testing was performed by chi-square test or Fisher's exact test (2-tailed) for categorical variables.Student's t-test was used for comparison of continuous variables.Because of the imbalances in some baseline characteristics, the main study results were confirmed by means of stratified analyses and multivariate logistic regression models.Stratification was performed for varia-bles that either had significant imbalance between the groups (p < 0.05), or were clinically important.These variables included sex, diabetes mellitus, prior PCI, use of drug-eluting stents, angulated segments, stent length, and stent diameter.Furthermore, we constructed multivariate logistic regression models with selected variables that had p values < 0.05 in univariate analysis (sex and use of drugeluting stents were also included).The p values of these variables are marked in bold l in tables 1 and 2. Long-term MACE modeling was performed with Cox proportional hazards model.The statistical analyses were performed with SAS software version 9.1.Differences were considered statistically significant at p values < 0.05.

Baseline characteristics
Table 1 represents selected baseline characteristics of patients treated for proximal stenoses of major epicardial arteries and non-proximal LAD.Current smoking and prior non-target vessel PCI had a lower frequency in patients with PCI on proximal LAD versus LCX or RCA.However, in patients with PCI on proximal versus nonproximal LAD, the baseline demographic characteristics did not differ.Mean Ejection Fraction was 53.54 ± 9.45% in the proximal LAD versus 53.12 ± 10.24% and 54.35 ± 9.22% in the proximal LCX/RCA and non-proximal LAD groups (p = NS), respectively.In the proximal LAD versus proximal LCX/RCA and non-proximal LAD, the frequency of unstable angina (33.7% vs. 34.8%and 33.7%) and prior MI (33.8% vs. 28.6% and 29.5%) had no statistically significant difference (P = NS).

Angiographic and procedural characteristics (Table 2)
Frequency of type B2/C lesions was similar in the proximal LAD vs. proximal LCX/RCA and non-proximal LAD

In-hospital and late clinical outcomes
In the proximal LAD group, procedures were angiographically successful in 100% of cases, which was significantly greater than the other two groups.In-hospital events, which occurred only as non-Q wave MI in our cohort, were observed in 8 (2%) in the proximal LAD group, while only 1 patient in the proximal LCX/RCA and nonproximal LAD group (0.8% and 0.4% respectively) displayed such symptoms(P = NS).Procedural success rates were similar in both comparisons (table 3).Mean follow-up duration was 10.81 ± 3.69 months in total population.Major adverse cardiac events at 9-month follow-up, including cardiac death, MI, and TVR (CABG or repeated PCI) were not significantly different in the proximal LAD versus the other two groups (table 3).After stratification for factors that either had significant imbalance between the groups or were clinically important, the MACE rates in the proximal LAD versus proximal LCX/RCA and nonproximal LAD groups were still comparable (table 4).Similarly, in multivariate logistic regression models, there was no difference in MACE rates in the proximal LAD versus proximal LCX/RCA (p = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.19-3.89,OR = 0.87) and proximal versus non-proximal LAD groups (p = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.29-2.1,OR = 0.8).Cox proportional hazards model also did not show any difference in MACEfree survival rates at long-term follow-up (figure 1).

Discussion
The main finding that emerges from this study is that long-term outcomes of PCI including MACE in patients with proximal LAD stenosis are similar to patients with proximal LCX or RCA and non-proximal LAD stenosis.Also worth noting from our findings was that angiographic success was higher in patients with proximal LAD stenosis.
Management of proximal coronary artery disease is important due to the large areas of myocardium that lie downstream of the stenoses.The proximal LAD artery stenosis represents the most important proximal site for obstructive coronary artery after left main stem lesion disease, as it supplies 40%-50% of the total left ventricular myocardium and could result in ischemia to a large area of myocardium [22,23].Moreover, Patients with a critical   stenosis of the proximal LAD segment are particularly prone to adverse effects of MI and, therefore, require a safe and long-term effective method of treatment [24].
Previous studies have demonstrated that interventional treatment produces are more beneficial than pharmacological treatment in severe proximal LAD artery disease [6].However, The results of nonstenting PCI to proximal LAD stenoses has been less satisfactory than procedures in the proximal right/circumflex coronary arteries due to higher rates of restenosis in this area [12,25,26].Stenting leads to better clinical outcomes than percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in the treatment of isolated lesions of proximal LAD by reducing the risk of restenosis by about 50% [3].In fact, stenting of lesions in the proximal LAD is as effective and safe as treatment of lesions located in distal LAD.Therefore, in the current stenting era, location of the lesion in the LAD is not predictive of worse outcome.Furthermore, when stenting is feasible, it may not be taken into account in the choice of revascularization strategy [27].However, the re-intervention rates have been higher after bare-metal stenting than bypass surgery of the proximal LAD [28].With the advent of drug-eluting stents, a reduction has been achieved in restenosis rates after stenting in proximal LAD.This in turn has narrowed the "reintervention gap" between drug-eluting stents enough to eliminate the major advantage of bypass surgery for the treatment of LAD disease [7].
In our study, no significant difference was observed in rates of major adverse cardiac events during long-term follow-up in the proximal LAD versus the other two groups.
Even after adjusting for factors such as stents, particularly drug-eluting stents, which were used most frequently in the proximal LAD group, no statistical difference was detectible.MACE-free survival rates were also similar between the groups (figure 1).Before our study, Ashby et al had studied the outcomes of stenting in proximal LAD versus proximal LCX/RCA [12].In their study, multivariate analysis was conducted to adjust these groups for some baseline differences.However, the main endpoint of this study i.e.rate of TLR, was still similar in both groups in patients treated with stents.Before that, The Stent Restenosis (STRESS) study had shown that irrespective of the procedure used (balloon angioplasty or stenting), the most important predictors of the larger luminal diameter at follow-up were the size of the luminal diameter after the procedure, the initial reference vessel diameter, and the location of a lesion in a vessel other than LAD [29].
As a secondary aim, we found that angiographic success rate was higher in patients with proximal LAD stenoses.This may be attributed to better accessibility of lesions and higher frequency of stent use in the proximal LAD group.However, because of the paucity of procedural failure rates, this effect could not be proven by means of statistical analyses.
One of the limitations of this study was the relatively small sample size of patients who had developed complications, which made it difficult to determine the predictors of MACE from the multivariate analysis.On the other hand, we had to exclude patients with multi-lesion or multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention, because otherwise we would not have been able to attribute MACE to a particular lesion site.

Conclusion
In our study, there was no difference in the short-and long-term clinical outcomes of PCI (MACE and its components) on proximal LAD versus proximal parts of other major epicardial arteries and non-proximal LAD.However, acute angiographic success rate was higher in patients with proximal LAD lesions.After adjusting the groups for significant baseline differences, there was still no difference in clinical outcomes between these groups.

Competing interests
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions
MA designed the study, contributed substantially to the interpretation of data and progression of work, and gave the final approval for publication.MRD conducted the data collection and statistical analyses, and participated in writing of the paper.MA, SEK, AHZ, and MS equally performed the angioplasty procedures and contributed to the MACE-free survival rates in the proximal LAD versus proxi-mal LCX/RCA and non-proximal LAD groups Figure1MACE-free survival rates in the proximal LAD versus proximal LCX/RCA and non-proximal LAD groups.MACE = Major adverse cardiac events.

Table 1 : Selected baseline characteristics in the Proximal LAD versus Proximal LCX/RCA and Non-proximal LAD groups Proximal LAD n = 408 Proximal LCX/ RCA n = 133 P value (study I) * Non-proximal LAD n = 244 P value (study II) **
* Proximal LAD group vs proximal LCX/RCA group ** Proximal LAD group vs non-proximal LAD group Variables with p values that are marked in bold were entered into multivariate analysis.groups:(42.8% vs.43.8% and 47.8, p = NS).Multivessel disease and angulated segments were less frequent in the proximal LAD group.In the proximal LAD versus proximal LCX/RCA group, lesions were longer (16.89 ± 8.1 mm versus 14.68 ± 7.38 mm, p = 0.007) and had lower frequency of proximal segment tortuosity (p = 0.03).

Table 2 : Angiographic and procedural characteristics in the Proximal LAD versus Proximal LCX/RCA and Non-proximal LAD groups
** Proximal LAD group vs Non-proximal LAD group Variables with p values that are marked in bold were entered into multivariate analysis.

Table 4 : Rate of long-term follow-up Major adverse cardiac events and Odds ratios in the patient subgroups
* Odds Ratio for MACE in the Proximal LAD vs. Proximal LCX/RCA group ** Odds Ratio for MACE in the Proximal LAD vs. Non-proximal LAD group

Table 3 : In-hospital and late outcomes of PCI in the Proximal LAD versus Proximal LCX/RCA and Non-proximal LAD groups
interpretation of results.All authors read and approved the final manuscript.Publish with Bio Med Central and every scientist can read your work free of charge"BioMed Central will be the most significant development for disseminating the results of biomedical researc h in our lifetime."http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2261/7/7 available free of charge to the entire biomedical community peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance cited in PubMed and archived on PubMed Central yours -you keep the copyright Submit your manuscript here: http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/publishing_adv.asp BioMedcentral BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2007, 7:7