Fig. 5

Effects of RIPC-Exo and GA on IL -1β, ICAM-1, and TNF-α mRNA expression. RT-qPCR was used to measure the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and ICAM-1 in various groups. Dates are represented by \(\overline{x}\pm \mathrm{s }\). *Ρ < 0.05 versus Sham group; ^#Ρ < 0.05 versus I/R group; ^&Ρ < 0.05 versus I/R + RIPC-Exo group; n = 5 for each group