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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients

From: Diagnostic signature for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): a machine learning approach using multi-modality electronic health record data

 

Non-HF controls (n = 194)

HFrEF controls (n = 1258)

HFpEF cases (n = 133)

P value cases versus

controls

Test cohorts

(n = 269, HFpEF cases = 68)

Set I (n = 61)

Set II (n = 68)

Set III

(n = 71)

Set IV

(n = 69)

Female, % (100%)

48.5%

36.8%

54.9%

–

61.8%

67.1%

68.9%

61.2%

Age, y (100%)

54 ± 18

69 (22)

73 ± 12

 < 0.0001

66 ± 13

56 ± 15

55 ± 15

61 ± 13

Body mass index, kg/m2 (76%)

28.35 ± 8.07

28.75 ± 7.34

34.06 ± 10.07

 < 0.0001

30.95 ± 8.15

32.18 ± 8.32

30.66 ± 7.58

31.67 ± 7.87

Hypertension, %

43.2%

81.6%

91.7%

–

83.8%

89.5%

67.6%

79.6%

Diabetes mellitus, %

20.1%

42%

54.1%

–

52.9%

31.6%

24.3%

34.7%

Atrial fibrillation, %

4.6%

47.6%

52.6%

–

50%

19.7%

6.7%

37.8%

Pulmonary hypertension, %

 < 1%

12.2%

25.6%

–

26.5%

7.9%

2.7%

11.2%

Kidney

disease, %

6.7%

35.5%

46.6%

–

66.1%

21.1%

24.3%

25.5%

Antihypertensive drugs, n**

–

–

–

–

2(10)

0 (4)

0(4)

0(0)

NT-proBNP, pg/ml

(#)

46 (53)

138 (1676)

4181 (3620)

–

873 (1359)

282 (181)

NAN*

781 (1258)

BNP, pg/ml

(#)

54 (73)

76 (353)

1510 (4488)

–

NAN*

NAN*

NAN*

796 (656)

Creatinine, umol/l (99%)

82.8 ± 39.7

88.0 (34.0)

84.0 (28.0)

0.165

89.0 (40.0)

78.0 (25.5)

78.5 (24.0)

86.6 ± 19.6

Hemoglobin, g/dl (96%)

12.6 ± 2.1

13.3 (2.6)

13.1 ± 1.8

0.836

12.7 ± 2.0

12.8 ± 1.7

12.6 ± 2.0

12.9 ± 2.1

White cell count, 109/l (100%)

7.1 (4.33)

7.54 (3.99)

7.43 (3.76)

0.141

6.94 (3.57)

6.64 (3.4)

7.28 (4.43)

6.74 (3.16)

C-reactive protein, mg/l (96%)

6.5 ± 3.21

6.87 ± 3.12

7.4 (5.0)

0.254

6.93 ± 3.17

6.34 ± 3.01

6.62 ± 3.03

6.12 ± 3.11

Urea, mmol/l (99%)

5.73 ± 3.73

7.12 ± 4.43

6.4 (3.7)

0.687

6.85 (3.98)

5.3 (1.85)

4.65 (2.47)

5.95 (2.43)

Albumin, g/l (99%)

40.17 ± 6.98

41.13 ± 6.52

42.0 (3.0)

0.711

41.0 (6.0)

42.5 (4.25)

43.0 (6.0)

43.0 (3.0)

Sodium, mmol/l (99%)

138.34 ± 3.88

139.0 (4.0)

139.0 (3.0)

0.183

139.0 (3.25)

139.63 ± 2.52

139.34 ± 2.91

140.0 (3.0)

Potassium, mmol/l (99%)

4.57 ± 0.26

4.3 (0.6)

4.35 ± 0.58

0.720

4.2 (0.73)

4.28 ± 0.53

4.36 ± 0.52

4.31 ± 0.54

Calcium, mmol/l (98%)

2.28 (0.15)

2.29 (0.13)

2.31 ± 0.12

0.147

2.29 (0.17)

2.33 (0.14)

2.35 ± 0.13

2.34 ± 0.13

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (63%)

132.93 ± 17.08

129.14 ± 21.9

139.54 ± 21.46

 < 0.0001

140.89 ± 25.87

136.78 ± 17.84

138.63 ± 23.21

138.12 ± 18.65

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (67%)

79.15 ± 11.76

73.79 ± 13.36

74.96 ± 13.45

 < 0.0001

73.16 ± 11.98

78.16 ± 13.09

80.68 ± 15.18

74.08 ± 13.73

Heart rate, beat/min (65%)

81.38 ± 14.28

73.69 ± 14.74

76.47 ± 16.72

0.0008

67.35 ± 9.63

75.31 ± 14.1

75.0 ± 8.8

74.64 ± 18.15

Oxygen saturation, % (52%)

98.1 ± 1.75

96.49 ± 5.05

96.22 ± 3.0

 < 0.0001

96.36 ± 2.87

96.69 ± 2.87

97.89 ± 1.62

96.13 ± 4.66

LV end diastolic volume, ml (23%)

155.0 ± 61.89

152.46 ± 53.52

106.7 ± 26.52

 < 0.0001

149.0 ± 16.97

124 ± NAN*

155.0 ± NAN *

110.83 ± 27.98

LV mass systolic, g (1%)

176.7 ± 

53.0

265.2 ± 155.2

225.2 ± 

74.5

 < 0.0001

118.9 ± nan*

NAN *

210.3 ± 158.0

111.7 ± 89.9

LV ejection fraction, % (100%)

60.4 ± 3.9

44.2 ± 11.5

58.0 ± 4.9

 < 0.0001

55.5 ± 2.1

60.5 ± 0.7

61.5 ± 2.1

55.3 ± 4.1

LV internal diameter at end diastole, cm/m2 (59%)

2.46 ± 0.24

2.71 ± 0.5

2.46 ± 0.36

0.0002

2.36 ± 0.26

2.46 ± 0.28

2.32 ± 0.24

2.45 ± 0.35

LV stroke volume, ml (4%)

92.5 ± 34.78

65.52 ± 19.78

55.0 ± 4.36

 < 0.0001

82.0 ± 5.66

75.0 ± NAN *

93.0 ± NAN *

64.2 ± 19.7

LV outflow tract velocity time integral diameter, cm (20%)

2.13 ± 0.28

2.16 ± 0.24

2.17 ± 0.34

0.1126

2.03 ± 0.2

2.14 ± 0.24

2.13 ± 0.12

2.07 ± 0.23

LV end systolic volume, ml (22%)

62.5 ± 27.2

87.32 ± 42.81

42.67 ± 3.21

0.1708

66.5 ± 12.02

49.0 ± NAN *

62.0 ± NAN *

49.4 ± 10.45

LA systolic volume, ml (31%)

60.0 ± 19.52

86.47 ± 38.77

143.67 ± 70.44

 < 0.0001

120.5 ± 28.99

112.0 ± NAN *

69.0 ± NAN *

70.33 ± 21.4

TR max PG, mmHg (80%)

26.7 ± 10.2

29.4 ± 11.2

34.16 ± 12.9

 < 0.0001

37.2 ± 13.8

24.9 ± 10.18

26.3 ± 8.3

32.3 ± 11.4

E/e’ lateral ratio (50%)

7.26 ± 3.11

10.70 ± 

6.07

11.59 ± 

5.96

 < 0.0001

13.54 ± 4.59

11.70 ± 5.16

9.35 ± 3.48

12.87 ± 7.27

E/e’ septal ratio (50%)

9.75 ± 4.99

14.51 ± 

7.71

14.37 ± 5.6

 < 0.0001

16.83 ± 5.44

14.77 ± 6.2

11.5 ± 4.52

16.04 ± 7.53

RV V1 max, cm/sec (6%)

82.28 ± 17.7

71.98 ± 22.65

80.41 ± 19.01

0.0001

95.37 ± 12.52

80.87 ± 17.42

71.34 ± 9.96

77.79 ± 18.88

RV V1 mean, cm/sec (4%)

47.04 ± 5.91

47.38 ± 14.19

52.03 ± 11.62

0.0048

53.5 ± 10.47

59.05 ± 5.18

48.65 ± 6.76

50.6 ± 9.53

Mitral valve E/A ratio, (84%)

1.08 ± 0.42

1.37 ± 0.07

1.13 ± 0.61

 < 0.0001

1.23 ± 0.76

0.9 ± 0.34

0.98 ± 0.36

1.04 ± 0.4

Mitral regurgitation max velocity, cm/sec (10%)

483.46 ± 68.77

495.48 ± 88.56

502.84 ± 93.06

0.021

592.08 ± 98.05

553.39 ± 31.3

NAN

505.68 ± 119.98

Tricuspid regurgitation max velocity, cm/sec (80%)

233.23 ± 31.74

264.47 ± 56.62

274.1 ± 56.34

 < 0.0001

310.38 ± 61.48

254.82 ± 53.76

239.73 ± 41.81

277.2 ± 50.81

  1. The mean and SD (standard deviation) were obtained where the predictor distribution follows a normal distribution, whereas for predictors with a skewed distribution, the median and interquartile range (25th–75th) were used to report the statistics. To evaluate the distributional differences between cases and controls, the Mann–Whitney U test or the t test was acquired, where appropriate. Values in parentheses next to each predictor name indicate the data availability percentage
  2. Set I: patients with normal EF, no/normal BNP record, a HF ICD10 code and at least one HF and dyspnea reference in their EHR
  3. Set II: patients with normal EF, no/normal BNP record, no HF diagnostic code and at least one HF and dyspnea reference in their EHR
  4. Set III: patients with normal EF, no BNP record, no HF diagnostic code nor HF reference in the EHR, at least one report of their dyspnea in their EHR
  5. Set IV: patients with normal EF, raised BNP result with HF and dyspnea reference in their EHR but no HF diagnosis documented
  6. (HF: heart failure, EF: ejection fraction, rEF: reduced EF, BNP: brain-natriuretic peptide test, EHR: electronic health record)
  7. The following ICD10 codes were used to define the comorbidities:
  8. Hypertension: I10-I15, I60-I69; Diabetes mellitus: E10-E14; Atrial fibrillation: I48; Pulmonary hypertension: I27; Kidney Disease: N18, N28, I12-I15
  9. *Constraint-free assumption on our test sets resulted in predictors with either a singular value or a high proportion of missing values. In such cases, the computation of common statistics was not pragmatic and hence the NAN (Not A Number) value was reported, instead
  10. **This predictor is only computed in the test cohort to enable the comparison with the H2FPEF score
  11. #92.45% of HFpEF cases and controls had a BNP or pro-BNP level available