Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients based on the outcome
Characteristic | All patients a (n = 400) | Survivors b (n = 323, 81%) | Deceased b (n = 77, 19%) | p-value c |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 66 (57–76) | 66 (57–75) | 67 (56–78) | 0.52 |
Sex | ||||
Men | 226 (56%) | 186 (58%) | 40 (52%) | 0.37 |
Women | 174 (44%) | 137 (42%) | 37 (48%) | |
Current smoker | 123 (31%) | 94 (29%) | 29 (38%) | 0.14 |
Substance user | 96 (24%) | 77 (24%) | 19 (25%) | 0.87 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24 (22–27) | 24 (22–27) | 24(21–26) | 0.11 |
NYHA classification | ||||
NYHA III | 218 (54.5%) | 181 (56%) | 37 (48%) | 0.20 |
NYHA IV | 182 (45.5%) | 142 (44%) | 40 (52%) | |
Ejection fraction (%) | 30 (20–40) | 30 (20–40) | 25 (15–35) | 0.02 |
Symptoms | ||||
Dyspnea | 392 (98%) | 317 (98%) | 75 (97%) | 0.67 |
Cough | 79 (20%) | 65 (20%) | 14 (18%) | 0.70 |
Diminished exercise capacity | 335 (84%) | 266 (82%) | 69 (89%) | 0.12 |
Orthopnea | 189 (47%) | 148 (46%) | 41 (53.2%) | 0.24 |
PND | 45 (11%) | 32 (10%) | 13 (17%) | 0.08 |
Peripheral edema | 186 (46%) | 145 (45%) | 41 (53%) | 0.18 |
Signs | ||||
Elevated JVP | 40 (10%) | 29 (9%) | 11 (14%) | 0.16 |
Diminished breath sound | 180 (45%) | 142 (44%) | 38 (49%) | 0.39 |
Rales/Wheeze | 278 (69%) | 220 (68%) | 58 (75%) | 0.21 |
S3 or S4 heart sound | 161 (40%) | 129 (40%) | 32 (41%) | 0.13 |
TR or MR murmur | 158 (39%) | 124 (39%) | 34 (44%) | 0.35 |
Hepatomegaly | 8 (2%) | 5 (1.5%) | 3 (3.9%) | 0.18 |
Ascites | 48 (12%) | 34 (10%) | 14 (18%) | 0.06 |
Anasarca | 33 (8%) | 18 (5%) | 15 (19%) | 0.01 |
Vital status | ||||
SBP (mm Hg) | 130 (110–150) | 130 (115–150) | 120 (100–140) | 0.30 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 80 (70–90) | 80 (70–90) | 75 (64–85) | 0.21 |
HR (per minute) | 85 (75–98) | 85 (75–95) | 90 (77–107) | 0.43 |
RR (per minute) | 17 (16–18) | 16 (15–18) | 17 (16–19) | |
O2 saturation (%) | 95 (92–96) | 95 (92–97) | 94 (90–96) | 0.83 |
Past medical history | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 165 (41%) | 124 (38%) | 41 (53%) | 0.01 |
Controlled * | 55 (33%) | 40 (32%) | 15 (37%) | 0.61 |
Uncontrolled * | 110 (67%) | 84 (68%) | 26 (63%) | |
Hypertension | 245 (61%) | 199 (62%) | 46 (60%) | 0.76 |
Controlled ** | 114 (46.5%) | 90 (45%) | 24 (52%) | 0.39 |
Uncontrolled ** | 131(53.5%) | 109 (55%) | 22 (48%) | |
Hyperlipidemia | 203 (51%) | 162 (50%) | 41 (53%) | 0.62 |
Hyperthyroidism | 6 (1.5%) | 3 (1%) | 3 (4%) | 0.08 |
Hypothyroidism | 20 (5%) | 16 (5%) | 4 (5%) | 0.93 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 25 (6%) | 16 (5%) | 9 (12%) | 0.02 |
Liver disease | 13 (3%) | 8 (3%) | 5 (7%) | 0.07 |
Asthma/COPD | 53 (13%) | 40 (12%) | 13 (17%) | 0.29 |
Previous coronary artery disease | 231 (58%) | 184 (57%) | 47 (61%) | 0.51 |
Revascularization (PCI or CABG) | 156 (39%) | 118 (36%) | 38 (49%) | 0.02 |
Etiology of HF | ||||
Infection | 76 (19%) | 63 (20%) | 13 (17%) | 0.27 |
Hypertensive | 69 (17%) | 59 (18%) | 10 (13%) | 0.73 |
Cardiac arrhythmia | 47 (12%) | 37 (12%) | 10 (13%) | 0.76 |
Valvular heart disease | 35 (9%) | 25 (8%) | 10 (13%) | 0.14 |
Ischemic heart disease | 128 (32%) | 98 (30%) | 30 (39%) | 0.14 |
Dilated cardiomyopathy | 45 (11%) | 41 (12%) | 4 (5%) | 0.06 |
Types of acute HF | ||||
De novo HF | 128 (32%) | 104 (32%) | 24 (31%) | 0.86 |
Decompensated HF | 272 (68%) | 219 (68%) | 53 (69%) | |
Past Medication history | ||||
Antiplatelet | 284 (71%) | 224 (70%) | 60 (78%) | 0.13 |
Anticoagulation | 111 (28%) | 83 (26%) | 28 (36%) | 0.06 |
ACE inhibitor | 81(20%) | 69 (21%) | 12 (16%) | 0.25 |
ARB | 121 (30%) | 99 (31%) | 22 (29%) | 0.72 |
Calcium channel blocker | 47 (12%) | 40 (12%) | 7 (9%) | 0.42 |
ß-Blocking agent | 224 (56%) | 179 (55%) | 45 (58%) | 0.63 |
Loop diuretics | 185 (46%) | 149 (46%) | 36 (47%) | 0.92 |
Thiazide diuretics | 11 (3%) | 8 (2%) | 3 (4%) | 0.49 |
Potassium sparing diuretics | 126 (31%) | 99 (31%) | 27 (35%) | 0.11 |
Statins | 196 (49%) | 161 (50%) | 35 (45%) | 0.48 |
Fibrates | 4 (1%) | 4 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.42 |
Oral antidiabetic drugs | 85 (21%) | 69 (21%) | 16 (21%) | 0.91 |
Insulin | 41 (10%) | 29 (9%) | 12 (16%) | 0.08 |
Digitalis | 67 (17%) | 51 (16%) | 16 (21%) | 0.29 |
Nitrates | 154 (38%) | 123 (38%) | 31 (40%) | 0.72 |
Allopurinol | 10 (2.5%) | 6 (2%) | 4 (5%) | 0.09 |