Table 1 Characteristics of the study patients
Characteristics | RAR | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (< 4.06) | Q2 (4.06–4.89) | Q3 (4.89-6.0) | Q4 (≥ 6.0) | ||
N = 761 | N = 760 | N = 760 | N = 761 | ||
Demographics | |||||
Age, years | 75.1 ± 12.2 | 76.0 ± 12.2 | 75.3 ± 12.1 | 73.3 ± 12.7 | < 0.001 |
Sex, n | 0.072 | ||||
Male | 476 (62.5) | 440 (57.9) | 437 (57.5) | 429 (56.4) | |
Female | 285 (37.5) | 320 (42.1) | 323 (42.5) | 332 (43.6) | |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 89.2 ± 22.0 | 92.1 ± 21.9 | 94.0 ± 22.5 | 97.2 ± 24.5 | < 0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 128.5 ± 24.8 | 122.7 ± 24.4 | 118.7 ± 24.2 | 113.5 ± 24.1 | < 0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 72.1 ± 19.3 | 67.9 ± 19.3 | 66.6 ± 19.0 | 64.0 ± 18.0 | < 0.001 |
MBP (mmHg) | 88.2 ± 21.2 | 82.4 ± 19.3 | 80.3 ± 19.2 | 77.0 ± 18.5 | < 0.001 |
Temperature (℃) | 36.7 ± 0.8 | 36.7 ± 0.9 | 36.7 ± 0.9 | 36.6 ± 1.1 | 0.151 |
SPO2 (%) | 96.0 ± 4.8 | 96.2 ± 4.7 | 96.0 ± 4.6 | 95.7 ± 5.9 | 0.242 |
Laboratory parameters | |||||
WBC count (109/L) | 11.4 (8.1, 16.0) | 11.8 (8.3, 16.5) | 12.5 (8.5, 18.0) | 12.9 (7.7, 19.4) | 0.005 |
Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 12.7 ± 1.9 | 11.2 ± 2.3 | 10.5 ± 2.2 | 9.7 ± 2.3 | < 0.001 |
Hematocrit (%) | 38.5 ± 5.8 | 34.6 ± 7.1 | 32.5 ± 6.7 | 30.5 ± 7.0 | < 0.001 |
Platelet count (109/L) | 201.0 (153.0, 257.0) | 198.0 (139.0, 261.0) | 190.0 (129.0, 278.2) | 184.0 (113.0, 287.0) | 0.012 |
Anion gap (mmol/L) | 17.4 ± 5.0 | 17.2 ± 5.2 | 17.2 ± 5.3 | 16.5 ± 5.0 | 0.005 |
Serum bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 22.9 ± 5.0 | 22.2 ± 5.5 | 22.0 ± 5.7 | 21.1 ± 5.7 | < 0.001 |
Creatinine (mEq/L) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 1.3 (0.9, 2.1) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.5) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.5) | < 0.001 |
BUN (mg/dl) | 23.0 (17.0, 34.0) | 30.0 (19.0, 48.0) | 34.5 (22.0, 54.0) | 35.0 (21.0, 55.0) | < 0.001 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 140.0 (113.0, 188.0) | 139.0 (113.0, 181.8) | 136.0 (108.0, 182.2) | 125.0 (99.0, 166.0) | < 0.001 |
Chloride (mmol/L) | 100.9 ± 6.1 | 102.3 ± 7.0 | 102.0 ± 8.4 | 103.5 ± 7.8 | < 0.001 |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 138.0 ± 5.8 | 138.2 ± 6.1 | 137.9 ± 7.5 | 137.9 ± 6.7 | 0.879 |
Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.4 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 0.151 |
INR | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 2.0 ± 1.7 | 2.0 ± 1.8 | 2.1 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 |
PT (second) | 13.9 (12.3, 18.4) | 15.3 (13.4, 21.5) | 15.8 (13.5, 22.2) | 16.7 (14.1, 23.0) | < 0.001 |
RAR | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 7.6 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
RDW (109/L) | 13.9 ± 1.0 | 14.9 ± 1.5 | 16.0 ± 1.9 | 17.8 ± 3.0 | < 0.001 |
Serum albumin (g/dL) | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities, n | |||||
Myocardial infarct | 191 (25.1) | 192 (25.3) | 187 (24.6) | 163 (21.4) | 0.254 |
Congestive heart failure | 366 (48.1) | 410 (53.9) | 403 (53) | 365 (48) | 0.027 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 103 (13.5) | 108 (14.2) | 128 (16.8) | 129 (17) | 0.14 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 175 (23) | 128 (16.8) | 109 (14.3) | 108 (14.2) | < 0.001 |
Dementia | 54 (7.1) | 65 (8.6) | 58 (7.6) | 43 (5.7) | 0.171 |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 197 (25.9) | 283 (37.2) | 246 (32.4) | 210 (27.6) | < 0.001 |
Rheumatic disease | 23 (3) | 29 (3.8) | 39 (5.1) | 31 (4.1) | 0.213 |
Peptic ulcer disease | 13 (1.7) | 26 (3.4) | 37 (4.9) | 46 (6) | < 0.001 |
Liver disease | 69 (9.1) | 117 (15.4) | 118 (15.5) | 197 (25.9) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 245 (32.2) | 252 (33.2) | 269 (35.4) | 274 (36) | 0.346 |
Renal disease | 191 (25.1) | 257 (33.8) | 284 (37.4) | 285 (37.5) | < 0.001 |
Malignant cancer | 62 (8.1) | 88 (11.6) | 112 (14.7) | 179 (23.5) | < 0.001 |
Metastatic solid tumor | 18 (2.4) | 31 (4.1) | 48 (6.3) | 74 (9.7) | < 0.001 |
Aids | 4 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0.475 |
Organ support therapy, n | |||||
MV | 339 (44.5) | 340 (44.7) | 348 (45.8) | 368 (48.4) | 0.419 |
RRT | 28 (3.7) | 46 (6.1) | 72 (9.5) | 94 (12.4) | < 0.001 |
Scoring systems | |||||
OASIS | 36.5 ± 8.8 | 38.2 ± 9.3 | 39.1 ± 9.8 | 40.8 ± 9.7 | < 0.001 |
SAPSII | 41.5 ± 12.4 | 45.2 ± 13.5 | 47.6 ± 14.5 | 50.9 ± 15.2 | < 0.001 |
SOFA | 6.5 ± 3.4 | 7.5 ± 3.9 | 8.1 ± 4.3 | 9.1 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
Outcomes | |||||
In-hospital mortality, n | 139 (18.3) | 165 (21.7) | 190 (25) | 295 (38.8) | < 0.001 |