Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of the studied groups
|  | In-hospital mortality (n = 24) | Survival (n = 176) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 59.71 ± 5.55 | 55.90 ± 7.39 | 0.005 |
Male | 14 (58.3%) | 99 (56%) | 0.847 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.96 ± 1.76 | 25.68 ± 1.74 | 0.458 |
NYHA class prior to decompensating | |||
I | 2 (8%) | 24 (13%) | 0.562 |
II | 2 (8%) | 32 (18%) | |
III | 12 (50%) | 72 (40%) | |
IV | 8 (33%) | 48 (27%) | |
Length of hospital stay | 9.46 ± 2.78 | 6.50 ± 1.67 |  < 0.001 |
(ICD)/permanent pacemaker | 3 (12.5%) | 17 (9.7%) | 0.715 |
Number of previous AHF admission | 2.04 ± 1.08 | 1.01 ± 0.70 |  < 0.001 |
Heart failure etiology | |||
Ischemic heart disease | 7 (29%) | 56 (32%) | 0.632 |
Dilated cardiomyopathy | 10 (42%) | 80 (45%) | |
Hypertensive | 4 (16%) | 30 (17%) | |
Valvular heart disease | 3 (12%) | 10 (6%) | |
Comorbidities | |||
Hypertension | 5 (21%) | 33 (19%) | 0.784 |
Dyslipidemia | 6 (25%) | 42 (24%) | 0.903 |
Diabetes mellitus | 4 (17%) | 33 (19%) | 1.000 |
Smoker | 5 (21%) | 28 (16%) | 0.559 |
Atrial fibrillation | 8 (33%) | 58 (32%) | 0.970 |
Stroke | 2 (8%) | 11 (19%) | 0.658 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma | 2 (8%) | 13(7%) | 0.697 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 3 (12%) | 16 (29%) | 0.708 |
Medication prior to decompensating | |||
Beta-blocker | 7 (29%) | 60 (34%) | 0.632 |
ACEI/ARB | 13 (54%) | 95 (53%) | 0.986 |
Loop diuretic | 20 (83%) | 149 (85%) | 0.771 |
MRA | 5 (21%) | 34 (19%) | 0.790 |
Digoxin | 7 (29%) | 60 (34%) | 0.632 |
Sacubitril/valsartan | 3 (12.5%) | 19 (10.8%) | 0.733 |
SGLT2 inhibitors | 4 (16.7%) | 22 (12.5%) | 0.526 |
Intensive care unit therapies | |||
Vasopressors | 18 (75%) | 35 (20%) |  < 0.001 |
Inotropes | 16 (67%) | 17(10%) |  < 0.001 |
Vasodilators | 6 (25%) | 46(26%) | 0.905 |
Invasive ventilation | 7 (29%) | 5 (3%) |  < 0.001* |
Noninvasive ventilator | 13 (54%) | 63 (20%) | 0.082 |