Table 1 Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with acute HF (N = 126)
Age, years | 69 ± 15 |
Male | 67 (53.17) |
Medical history | |
Hypertension | 87 (69.05) |
Diabetes mellitus | 61 (48.41) |
Hypercholesterolemia | 91 (72.22) |
Coronary artery disease | 38 (30.16) |
Arrhythmia | 41 (32.54) |
Previous HF | 57 (45.24) |
Clinical | |
PND/orthopnea | 78 (61.90) |
Peripheral edema | 87 (69.04) |
Dyspnea on exertion | 111 (88.10) |
Nocturnal cough | 15 (11.90) |
Rales | 110 (87.30) |
Heart rate of > 120 beats/min | 12 (9.52) |
Hemodynamic profile | |
Wet and warm | 115 (91.27) |
Wet and cold | 9 (7.14) |
Dry and warm | 2 (1.59) |
Dry and cold | 0 (0) |
Admission chest radiograph findings | |
Cardiomegaly | 126 (100) |
Cephalization | 111 (92.06) |
Pleural effusion | 65 (51.59) |
Precipitating causes | |
Acute coronary syndrome | 38 (30.16) |
Arrhythmia | 15 (11.90) |
Valvular heart disease | 8 (6.35) |
Infection | 7 (5.56) |
Cardiomyopathy | 15 (11.90) |
Hypertensive emergency | 10 (7.93) |
Pulmonary hypertension | 3 (2.38) |
Anemia | 8 (6.35) |
Inadequate diuresis or poor compliance | 19 (13.49) |
Other | 5 (3.97) |
Baseline laboratory results | |
HbA1c, % | 6.38 ± 1.27 |
LDL, mg/dL | 97.24 ± 46.43 |
BUN, mg/dL | 26.19 ± 15.66 |
Cr, mg/dL | 1.56 ± 1.04 |
GFR | 54.59 ± 27.47 |
ALT, IU/L (n = 109) | 24.00 |
GGT, IU/L (n = 108) | 60.00 |
Total bilirubin, IU/L (n = 108) | 1.24 ± 1.08 |
Troponin T, ng/dL (n = 110) | 58.55 |
NT pro-BNP, pg/mL (n = 101) | 6,230 |
LVEF, % | |
≥ 50% | 48 (38.09) |
40–49% | 20 (15.88) |
< 40% | 58 (46.03) |
EVEREST score at discharge | |
≥ 1 point | 92 (72.65) |
≥ 3 points | 17 (13.28) |