Fig. 2

Macrophage infiltration and endothelialization in different types of PAVs. a VICs expressed vimentin and were aggregated around the calcified area in the PAV (original magnification, 200); b CD68 positive macrophages infiltrated in the damage area of PAV. c The grade of macrophage subtypes in calcification, dehiscence and tear PAV. d Macrophages expressed MMP-1 (original magnification, 200); e CD31 positive cells were aggregated in the spongy layer of the lacerated leaflets (original magnification, 400); f CD11b positive cells were aggregated in the spongy layer of the lacerated leaflets (original magnification, 400); g In control PAV, endothelial cells were located on the surface of cusp with CD34-positive expression (original magnification, 200)