Table 5 Selected miRNAs under study involved in CAD pathogenesis with their predictive/ validated function and biomarker type

MiR-21

Share in the proinflammatory processes in the vascular endothelium,

Promotes atherosclerosis

Diagnosis

Severity

Fleissner et al., Zhou et al. and Weber et al., [31, 33, 60]

MiR-126

Increase EC proliferation,

Protects against atherosclerosis

Prognostic

Diagnosis

Severity

Kuhnert et al., and Urbich et al. [38, 46]

MiR-133a

Promotes myogenesis,

Cardiac conductance,

Controls collagen synthesis and fibrosis

Diagnosis

Prognostic

Severity

Ahlin et al., Liu et al. and Laffont et al. [89,90,91]

MiR-135b

Positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration, and proliferation

Prognostic

Treatment Prediction

Maiti et al., Potthoff et al. and Lin et al. [39, 41, 42]

MiR-140

Negative regulation of NF-kappaB activity, and interleukin-6 production

Diagnosis

Prognostic

Werner et al. and Taurino et al. [84, 92]

MiR-145

Increases collagen in the plaque,

Increase stability of the plaque,

Protects against atherosclerosis

Severity

Diagnosis

Cordes et al. and Wei et al. [93, 94]

MiR-146a

Inhibits lipid accumulation,

Decrease inflammatory response,

Prevents atherosclerosis

Prognostic

Severity

Taganov et al. and Yang et al. [95, 96]

MiR-155

Increases inflammation,

Increases atherosclerosis

Severity

Diagnosis

Nazari-Jahantigh et al., Wei et al. Androulidaki et al., and Du et al. [61, 62, 97, 98]

MiR-182

Affected by angiogenesis causing modulation in the myocardial response

Diagnosis

Treatment Prediction

Zhu et al., and Li et al. [51, 99]

MiR-196b

Modulates the cardiomyocyte hypertrophy,

Associated with peripheral arterial disease

Prognostic

Treatment Prediction

Stather et al. and Wu et al. [100, 101]

MiR-200b

Promotes endothelial cell apoptosis

Regulation of myotube differentiation and angiogenesis

Prognostic

Treatment Prediction

Zhang et al. [102]

MiR-205

Regulating oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis thus affecting cardiac ischemia/ reperfusion injury

Prognostic

Treatment Prediction

Xu et al. [52]

MiR-208a

Has a role in cardiac development,

Regulate cardiac myosin heavy chain expression

Severity

Diagnosis

Chistiakov et al. [103]

MiR-223

Affects inflammation in endothelial cells,

Increases atherosclerosis

Prognostic

Vickers et al. and Tabet et al. [56, 57]