Skip to main content

Table 1 Sample characteristics

From: Glycemic status, non-traditional risk and left ventricular structure and function in the Jackson Heart Study

Variables

No diabetes/prediabetes

Prediabetes

Diabetes

¥Sig

n

 

Frequency (%)

Frequency (%)

Frequency (%)

  

Female

     

Male

300 (31.02)

259 (36.43)

178 (32.01)

0.057

2234

Female

667 (68.98)

452 (36.57)

378 (67.99)

  

Highest level of education

     

Less than high school

91 (9.41)

108 (15.19)

134 (24.10)

< 0.001

2234

High school/GED

 

148 (20.82)

117 (21.04)

  

Vocational school, trade school, or college

719 (74.35)

455(63.99)

305 (54.86)

  

Physical activity index

     

Poor

366 (37.85)

350 (49.23)

317 (57.01)

 < 0.001

2234

Intermediate

346 (37.64)

218 (30.66)

159 (28.60)

  

Ideal

237 (24.51)

143 (21.11)

80 (14.39)

  

Alcohol consumption

     

None

490 (50.67)

411 (57.81)

384 (69.06)

 < 0.001

2234

Moderate and Heavy/At risk

477 (49.33)

300 (42.19)

172 (30.94)

  

βSmoking status (AHA classification)

     

Current smoker

103 (10.65)

78 (10.97)

55 (9.89)

0.820

2234

Former smoker & Never smoker/Quit > 12 months

864 (89.35)

633 (89.03)

501 (90.11)

  

Nutrition Status

     

Poor

389 (40.23)

312 (43.88)

326 (58.63)

 < 0.001

2234

Intermediate and Ideal Health

578 (59.77)

399 (56.12)

230 (41.37)

  

Used crack or cocaine in any form

41 (4.24)

25 (3.52)

12 (2.16)

0.103

2234

Dyslipidemia

501 (51.81)

460 (64.70)

270 (48.56)

 < 0.001

2234

αCKD

     

No CKD

951 (98.35)

678 (95.36)

506 (91.01)

 < 0.001

2234

CKD III & IV

16 (1.65)

33 (4.64)

50 (8.99)

  

¥Hypertension

426 (44.36)

460 (64.70)

434 (78.06)

 < 0.001

2234

Beta Blocker Medications

58 (6.00)

96 (13.50)

81 (14.57)

 < 0.001

2234

Calcium Channel Blocker

141 (14.58)

155 (21.80))

151 (27.16)

 < 0.001

2234

ACE/ARB Medications

187 (19.34)

182 (25.60)

301 (54.14)

 < 0.001

2234

Diuretics

243 (25.13)

287 (40.37)

278 (50.00)

 < 0.001

2234

Age in years

50.24 (12.27)

56.41 (10.61)

58.35 (11.28)

 < 0.001

2234

Heart Rate (Beats/Minute)

66.03 (10.78)

65.44 (11.23)

69.89 (12.23)

 < 0.001

2234

BMI (kg/m2)

30.63 (6.87)

32.85 (7.01)

34.49 (7.22)

 < 0.001

2234

BSA (m2)

1.96 (0.23)

2.03 (0.22)

2.06 (0.23)

0.748

2234

HbA1c (%)

5.22 (0.33)

5.87 (0.30)

7.52 (1.70)

 < 0.001

2234

Time since diabetes diagnosed in years (DM Duration)

0 (0)

0 (0)

10.12 (9.80)

N/A

2082

Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction %

61.66 (6.66)

62.44 (7.19)

62.28 (7.34)

0.057

2234

Left Ventricular Fractional Shortening %

39.28 (5.84)

39.31 (6.22)

39.98 (6.54)

0.174

1600

Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume Index ml/m2

34.47 (11.32)

34.33 (12.77)

35.04 (15.51)

0.666

2234

Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume Index ml/m2

17.59 (5.46)

16.89 (6.03)

17.08 (7.55)

0.061

2234

Myocardial Contraction Fraction %

58.60 (17.76)

56.18 (22.13)

53.10 (12.04)

 < 0.001

2234

Relative Wall Thickness (cm)

0.34 (0.06)

0.36 (0.07)

0.37 (0.07)

 < 0.001

2234

Stroke Volume Index (ml/m2)

37.90 (7.42)

37.25 (7.74)

37.30 (8.14)

0.159

2234

Cardiac Index (L/min/m2)

2.41 (0.58)

2.35 (0.56)

2.58 (0.63)

 < 0.001

2234

Left Ventricular Mass Index (g/m2)

68.89 (14.77)

71.74 (16.67)

75.30 (18.06)

 < 0.001

2234

Beta Natriuretic Peptide (pg/mL)

12.27 (17.72)

12.93 (19.08)

15.00 (27.50)

0.029

1760

Carvedilol dose equivalent (mg)

1.42 (7.35)

3.27 (10.72)

2.11 (8.15)

0.019

2078

  1. ¥Chi square, fishers exact tests were utilized for categorial variables and one-way ANOVA when appropriate
  2. Defined according to American Heart Association's Life's Simple 7 criteria for minutes/week of moderate or vigorous physical activity. Poor physical activity: 0 min/week of leisure‐time moderate or vigorous physical activity. Intermediate physical activity: > 0 and < 150 min/week of leisure‐time moderate physical activity. > 150 min per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 min per week of vigorous aerobic activity, or a combination of both. βCurrent Smoker, former smoker (quit < 12 months) and Never smoker/Quit ≥ 12 months. ∞Nutrition Status based on AHA categorization; Components (based on 2000‐kcal diet): (a) Fruits and vegetables: ≥ 4.5 cups/day, (b) Fish: > 3.5 oz, twice per week, (c) Sodium: < 1500 mg/day, (d) Sugary beverages: < 450 kcal/wk and (e) Whole grains: ≥ 3 servings/day. Poor Health: 0–1 components, Intermediate Health: 2–3 components and Ideal Health: 4–5 components. ¥Hypertension-BP > 140/90 mmHg and taking medications for HTN. αCKD-CKD stage II–III evidence by eGFR 60 to 89 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (MDRD method) or evidence of kidney damage urine albumin/creatinine ratio > 30 mg/dl. ≠ Carvedilol dose equivalent