Variables | No diabetes/prediabetes | Prediabetes | Diabetes | ¥Sig | n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency (%) | Frequency (%) | Frequency (%) | |||
Female | |||||
Male | 300 (31.02) | 259 (36.43) | 178 (32.01) | 0.057 | 2234 |
Female | 667 (68.98) | 452 (36.57) | 378 (67.99) | ||
Highest level of education | |||||
Less than high school | 91 (9.41) | 108 (15.19) | 134 (24.10) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
High school/GED | 148 (20.82) | 117 (21.04) | |||
Vocational school, trade school, or college | 719 (74.35) | 455(63.99) | 305 (54.86) | ||
€Physical activity index | |||||
Poor | 366 (37.85) | 350 (49.23) | 317 (57.01) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
Intermediate | 346 (37.64) | 218 (30.66) | 159 (28.60) | ||
Ideal | 237 (24.51) | 143 (21.11) | 80 (14.39) | ||
Alcohol consumption | |||||
None | 490 (50.67) | 411 (57.81) | 384 (69.06) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
Moderate and Heavy/At risk | 477 (49.33) | 300 (42.19) | 172 (30.94) | ||
βSmoking status (AHA classification) | |||||
Current smoker | 103 (10.65) | 78 (10.97) | 55 (9.89) | 0.820 | 2234 |
Former smoker & Never smoker/Quit > 12 months | 864 (89.35) | 633 (89.03) | 501 (90.11) | ||
∞Nutrition Status | |||||
Poor | 389 (40.23) | 312 (43.88) | 326 (58.63) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
Intermediate and Ideal Health | 578 (59.77) | 399 (56.12) | 230 (41.37) | ||
Used crack or cocaine in any form | 41 (4.24) | 25 (3.52) | 12 (2.16) | 0.103 | 2234 |
Dyslipidemia | 501 (51.81) | 460 (64.70) | 270 (48.56) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
αCKD | |||||
No CKD | 951 (98.35) | 678 (95.36) | 506 (91.01) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
CKD III & IV | 16 (1.65) | 33 (4.64) | 50 (8.99) | ||
¥Hypertension | 426 (44.36) | 460 (64.70) | 434 (78.06) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
Beta Blocker Medications | 58 (6.00) | 96 (13.50) | 81 (14.57) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
Calcium Channel Blocker | 141 (14.58) | 155 (21.80)) | 151 (27.16) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
ACE/ARB Medications | 187 (19.34) | 182 (25.60) | 301 (54.14) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
Diuretics | 243 (25.13) | 287 (40.37) | 278 (50.00) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
Age in years | 50.24 (12.27) | 56.41 (10.61) | 58.35 (11.28) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
Heart Rate (Beats/Minute) | 66.03 (10.78) | 65.44 (11.23) | 69.89 (12.23) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.63 (6.87) | 32.85 (7.01) | 34.49 (7.22) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
BSA (m2) | 1.96 (0.23) | 2.03 (0.22) | 2.06 (0.23) | 0.748 | 2234 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.22 (0.33) | 5.87 (0.30) | 7.52 (1.70) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
Time since diabetes diagnosed in years (DM Duration) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 10.12 (9.80) | N/A | 2082 |
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction % | 61.66 (6.66) | 62.44 (7.19) | 62.28 (7.34) | 0.057 | 2234 |
Left Ventricular Fractional Shortening % | 39.28 (5.84) | 39.31 (6.22) | 39.98 (6.54) | 0.174 | 1600 |
Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume Index ml/m2 | 34.47 (11.32) | 34.33 (12.77) | 35.04 (15.51) | 0.666 | 2234 |
Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume Index ml/m2 | 17.59 (5.46) | 16.89 (6.03) | 17.08 (7.55) | 0.061 | 2234 |
Myocardial Contraction Fraction % | 58.60 (17.76) | 56.18 (22.13) | 53.10 (12.04) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
Relative Wall Thickness (cm) | 0.34 (0.06) | 0.36 (0.07) | 0.37 (0.07) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
Stroke Volume Index (ml/m2) | 37.90 (7.42) | 37.25 (7.74) | 37.30 (8.14) | 0.159 | 2234 |
Cardiac Index (L/min/m2) | 2.41 (0.58) | 2.35 (0.56) | 2.58 (0.63) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
Left Ventricular Mass Index (g/m2) | 68.89 (14.77) | 71.74 (16.67) | 75.30 (18.06) | < 0.001 | 2234 |
Beta Natriuretic Peptide (pg/mL) | 12.27 (17.72) | 12.93 (19.08) | 15.00 (27.50) | 0.029 | 1760 |
≠Carvedilol dose equivalent (mg) | 1.42 (7.35) | 3.27 (10.72) | 2.11 (8.15) | 0.019 | 2078 |