Total (n = 1110) | ACEI/ARB (n = 574) | no-ACEI/ARB (n = 536) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n[%]) | 492 [44.3%] | 263 [45.8%] | 229 [42.7%] | 0.300 |
Age (y) | 74(66–80) | 73(66–79) | 74(67–80) | 0.053 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 23.8(22.0–26.0) | 24.0(22.1–26.7) | 23.6(21.9–25.7) | 0.027 |
SBP (mmHg) | 140(124–152) | 140(126–154) | 140(122–155) | 0.100 |
DBP (mmHg) | 80(71–90) | 80(74–90) | 80(70–90) | 0.109 |
Heart rate (beat/min) | 96(80–120) | 96(79–118) | 98(80–122) | 0.023 |
Type of AF (n[%]) | 0.019 | |||
Paroxysmal | 232 [20.9%] | 103 [17.9%] | 129 [24.1%] | |
Persistent | 353 [31.8%] | 180 [31.4%] | 173 [32.3%] | |
Permanent | 525 [47.3%] | 291 [50.7%] | 234 [43.7%] | |
Comorbidities | ||||
Myocardial infarction (n[%]) | 104 [9.4%] | 70 [12.2%] | 34 [6.3%] | 0.001 |
Coronary artery disease (n[%]) | 607 [54.7%] | 343 [59.8%] | 264 [49.3%] | < 0.001 |
Congenital heart disease (n[%]) | 11 [1.0%] | 4 [0.7%] | 7 [1.3%] | 0.306 |
Diabetes mellitus (n[%]) | 243 [21.9%] | 110 [19.2%] | 133 [24.8%] | 0.286 |
Heart failure (n[%]) | 374 [33.7%] | 234 [40.8%] | 140 [26.1%] | < 0.001 |
Rheumatic heart disease (n[%]) | 77 [6.9%] | 41 [7.1%] | 36 [6.7%] | 0.780 |
Left ventricular hypertrophy (n[%]) | 221 [19.9%] | 129 [22.5%] | 92 [17.2%] | 0.027 |
Previous stroke or TIA (n[%]) | 279 [25.1%] | 136 [23.7%] | 143 [26.7%] | 0.252 |
Sleep apnea (n[%]) | 46 [4.1%] | 24 [4.2%] | 22 [4.1%] | 0.949 |
Smoking (n[%]) | 238 [21.4%] | 133 [23.2%] | 105 [19.6%] | 0.146 |
LVEF < 40% (n[%]) | 207 [18.6%] | 129 [22.5%] | 78 [14.6%] | 0.001 |
Dementia (n[%]) | 31 [2.8%] | 10 [1.7%] | 21 [3.9%] | 0.028 |
COPD (n[%]) | 137 [12.3%] | 71 [12.4%] | 66 [12.3%] | 0.977 |
Hyperthyroidism (n[%]) | 27 [2.4%] | 19 [3.3%] | 8 [1.5%] | 0.050 |
Valvular heart disease (n[%]) | 90 [8.1%] | 53 [9.2%] | 37 [6.9%] | 0.155 |
Prior major bleeding (n[%]) | 25 [2.3%] | 11 [1.9%] | 14 [2.6%] | 0.435 |
CHADS2 score ≥ 2 (n[%]) | 846 [76.2%] | 454 [79.1%] | 392 [73.1%] | 0.020 |
Medication status | ||||
Diuretic (n[%]) | 422 [38.0%] | 282 [49.1%] | 140 [26.1%] | < 0.001 |
β blocker (n[%]) | 567 [51.1%] | 311 [54.2%] | 256 [47.8%] | 0.033 |
Calcium channel blocker (n[%]) | 412 [37.1%] | 202 [35.2%] | 210 [39.2%] | 0.169 |
Digoxin (n[%]) | 278 [25.0%] | 190 [33.1%] | 88 [16.4%] | < 0.001 |
Aspirin (n[%]) | 680 [61.3%] | 405 [70.6%] | 275 [51.3%] | < 0.001 |
Clopidogrel (n[%]) | 98 [8.8%] | 55 [9.6%] | 43 [8.0%] | 0.360 |
Statin (n[%]) | 363 [32.7%] | 253 [44.1%] | 110 [20.5%] | < 0.001 |
Oral anticoagulants (n[%]) | 147 [13.2%] | 79 [13.8%] | 68 [12.7%] | 0.597 |
Amiodarone (n[%]) | 121 [10.9%] | 74 [12.9%] | 47 [8.8%] | 0.028 |
Propafenone (n[%]) | 37 [3.3%] | 18 [3.1%] | 1 [3.5%] | 0.705 |