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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort

From: Risk prediction in pulmonary hypertension due to chronic heart failure: incremental prognostic value of pulmonary hemodynamics

Variables

Overall cohort (N = 276)

Survivors (n = 223)

Non-survivors (n = 53)

P value*

Age (years)

62 ± 12

62 ± 12

68 ± 12

0.001

Male, n (%)

198 (71.7)

156 (70.0)

42 (79.2)

0.177

Body mass index (kg/m2)

22.97 ± 2.83

22.92 ± 2.97

23.19 ± 2.12

0.251

Heart rate (beats/min)

77 ± 15

77 ± 15

77 ± 15

0.794

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

131.68 ± 21.86

131.01 ± 20.64

134.51 ± 26.44

0.752

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

75.65 ± 11.75

75.96 ± 11.94

74.36 ± 10.96

0.269

NYHA functional class, n (%)

   

0.004

III

79 (28.6)

62 (27.8)

17 (32.1)

 

IV

20 (7.2)

9 (4.0)

11 (20.8)

 

Medical history

Current smoker, n (%)

68 (24.6)

51 (22.9)

17 (32.1)

0.372

Coronary artery disease, n (%)

203 (73.6)

161 (72.2)

42 (79.2)

0.296

Arterial hypertension, n (%)

99 (35.9)

75 (33.6)

24 (45.3)

0.112

Cardiomyopathy, n (%)

41 (14.9)

35 (15.7)

6 (11.3)

0.421

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

8 (2.9)

6 (2.7)

2 (3.8)

0.673

Diabetes, n (%)

68 (24.6)

55 (247)

13 (24.5)

0.984

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

77 (27.9)

61 (27.4)

16 (30.2)

0.679

Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

19 (6.9)

15 (6.7)

4 (7.5)

0.832

Renal insufficiency, n (%)

18 (6.5)

12 (5.4)

6 (11.3)

< 0.001

Liver insufficiency, n (%)

3 (1.1)

2 (3.8)

1 (0.4)

0.036

Thyroid disorders, n (%)

7 (2.5)

6 (2.7)

1 (1.9)

0.738

Laboratory tests

Red blood cell count

4.51 ± 0.75

4.58 ± 0.72

4.21 ± 0.82

0.001

Platelet count

217.64 ± 66.16

218.71 ± 68.5

213.15 ± 55.6

0.795

Platelet distribution width

15.48 ± 2.95

15.36 ± 2.31

15.99 ± 4.79

0.039

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

39.25 ± 72.23

37.9 ± 75.86

44.94 ± 54.61

0.010

Hematocrit (%)

37.81 ± 10.09

37.66 ± 9.39

38.45 ± 12.71

0.233

Hemoglobin (g/L)

132.23 ± 19.91

133.86 ± 19.01

125.39 ± 22.25

0.003

Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L)

34.22 ± 51.23

32.42 ± 33.75

41.8 ± 94.59

0.069

Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L)

42.39 ± 103.99

36.83 ± 48.29

65.81 ± 215.74

0.502

Total bilirubin (μmol/L)

13.67 ± 8.52

13.84 ± 8.84

12.93 ± 7.07

0.608

Albumin (g/L)

40.05 ± 14.57

40.52 ± 16.04

38.09 ± 4.41

0.037

Sodium (mmol/L)

139.88 ± 4.08

139.92 ± 4.15

139.73 ± 3.79

0.617

Creatinine (μmol/L)

86.39 ± 39.65

81.75 ± 26.56

105.88 ± 69.46

0.044

Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)

5.8 ± 2.68

5.56 ± 2.31

6.8 ± 3.74

0.026

Uric acid (mmol/L)

373.96 ± 123.19

362.14 ± 117.87

423.67 ± 133.52

0.007

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.93 ± 2.15

1.9 ± 2.05

2.05 ± 2.52

0.619

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

6.92 ± 34.13

7.42 ± 37.95

4.78 ± 2.46

0.159

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.17 ± 0.37

1.19 ± 0.37

1.09 ± 0.35

0.063

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.75 ± 1.22

2.79 ± 1.24

2.61 ± 1.12

0.280

Glucose (mmol/L)

6.22 ± 3.52

6.04 ± 2.69

6.94 ± 5.82

0.833

NT-proBNP (fmol/mL) #

2580 (1017, 4289)

2381.0 (838.6, 4249.0)

3698.0 (1421.0, 6271.5)

0.015

hsCRP

30.06 ± 38.16

27.84 ± 35.23

39.37 ± 47.91

0.195

Echocardiography

Left atrial anteroposterior diameter (mm)

35.86 ± 6.83

35.75 ± 6.72

36.3 ± 7.32

0.431

Left ventricular end diastolic diameter (mm)

49.99 ± 8.26

49.7 ± 8.05

51.17 ± 9.06

0.205

Right ventricular anteroposterior diameter (mm)

19.93 ± 5.72

20.05 ± 5.62

19.45 ± 6.13

0.953

Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)

53.88 ± 10.78

54.05 ± 11.01

53.19 ± 9.82

0.319

Pericardial effusion, n (%)

12 (4.3)

10 (4.5)

2 (3.8)

0.820

Hemodynamics

mRAP (mmHg)

14.32 ± 4.4

14.16 ± 4.32

15.02 ± 4.72

0.127

RVSP (mmHg)

46.69 ± 12.92

45.66 ± 12.12

51 ± 15.24

0.011

RVEDP (mmHg)

14.21 ± 5.77

13.93 ± 5.88

15.36 ± 5.18

0.025

sPAP (mmHg)

46.56 ± 11.51

45.52 ± 10.84

50.94 ± 13.23

0.002

dPAP (mmHg)

23.35 ± 6.44

22.82 ± 6.37

25.57 ± 6.31

0.002

mPAP (mmHg)

31.68 ± 7.62

31.05 ± 7.38

34.36 ± 8.09

0.001

PAWP (mmHg) #

16 (16, 18)

16 (16, 19)

16 (16, 16)

0.703

DPG (mmHg)

5.67 ± 4.91

5.2 ± 4.69

7.66 ± 5.34

0.001

PVR (WU)

5.89 ± 4.45

5.68 ± 4.45

6.77 ± 4.38

0.063

Cardiac index (L/min/m2)

2.47 ± 0.78

2.44 ± 0.76

2.63 ± 0.82

0.083

SvO2 (%)

70.81 ± 19.33

73 ± 19.3

61.61 ± 16.69

 < 0.001

PAC (mL/mmHg)

4.88 ± 4.36

5.17 ± 4.55

3.67 ± 3.17

0.038

Treatments

ACEI, n (%)

124 (44.9)

97 (43.5)

27 (50.9)

0.327

ARB, n (%)

59 (21.4)

45 (20.2)

14 (26.4)

0.320

Beta blocker, n (%)

185 (67.0)

146 (65.5)

39 (73.6)

0.259

Ca2+ channel blockers, n (%)

51 (18.5)

35 (15.7)

16 (30.2)

0.015

Diuretics, n (%)

135 (48.9)

102 (45.7)

33 (62.3)

0.031

Digoxin, n (%)

63 (22.8)

46 (20.6)

17 (32.1)

0.074

MRA, n (%)

153 (55.4)

115 (51.6)

38 (71.7)

0.008

Statin, n (%)

238 (86.2)

190 (85.2)

48 (90.6)

0.308

Antiplatelet/anticoagulant, n (%)

57 (20.7)

50 (22.4)

7 (13.2)

0.136

  1. P values < 0.05 shown in bold
  2. NYHA, New York Heart Association; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NTpro-BNP, N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide; hsCRP, high sensitivity C reactive protein; RAP, right atrial pressure; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; RVEDP, right ventricular end diastolic pressure; sPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; dPAP, diastolic pulmonary artery pressure; mPAP, mean pulmonary artery pressure; PAWP, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; DPG, diastolic pressure gradient; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; SvO2, mixed venous oxygen saturation; PAC, pulmonary arterial compliance; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
  3. *Comparison between survivors and non-survivors
  4. #Median (interquartile range)