Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of the study population

Sex

Male

62.5

62.5

1

Female

37.5

37.5

Age (year)

40–49

7

7

1

50–59

14.9

14.9

60–69

23.7

23.7

70–79

32

32

80–89

19.4

19.4

90 + 

3

3

Underlying disease

Cerebrovascular disease

10.5

5.4

< 0.001

Arterial disease

27.8

18.6

< 0.001

Ischemic heart disease

26.5

12.4

< 0.001

Cardiac valve disease

3

0.4

< 0.001

Conduction disorder

0.4

0.2

< 0.001

Heart failure or cardiomyopathy

9.2

3.5

< 0.001

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

35.9

26.8

< 0.001

Pneumonia

12.1

7.6

< 0.001

Cancer

11.5

7.1

< 0.001

Liver disease

35.5

27

< 0.001

Renal disease

6

2.4

< 0.001

Rheumatism

6.8

4.8

< 0.001

Psychiatric disorder

45.5

35.1

< 0.001

Diabetes

32.1

28.4

< 0.001

Hypertension

66.5

51

< 0.001

Lipid disorder

56.3

42.4

< 0.001

Trauma

51.3

44.9

< 0.001

Obstructive sleep apnea

0.2

0.2

0.002

Asthma

22.8

16.7

< 0.001

Obesity

0.1

0.1

0.069

Seizure disorder

4.1

2.5

< 0.001

Decubitus ulcer

0

0

0.526

Infectious disease

47.1

39.5

< 0.001

Hypothyrodism

5.8

4.3

< 0.001

Inflammatory bowel disease

13.1

9.9

< 0.001

Urinary tract infection

7.7

4.6

< 0.001

Ehlers–Danlos syndrome

0

0

0.2

Charlson comorbidity Index

Mean(SD)

1.86(2.07)

0

18.1

31.5

< 0.001

1

19.5

22.9

2

18.3

16.7

3+

44.1

28.9

Myocardial infarction

4.6

1.6

< 0.001

Congestive heart failure

12.6

5.3

 < 0.001

Peripheral vascular disease

24.9

17.5

< 0.001

Cerebrovascular disease

23.3

13.9

< 0.001

Dementia

13.5

10.1

< 0.001

Chronic pulmonary diseases

44.1

34

< 0.001

Connective tissue disease

6.2

4.4

< 0.001

Peptic ulcer

36.5

28.4

< 0.001

Mild liver diseases

32.7

24.9

< 0.001

Uncomplicated diabetes

0.4

0.4

0.991

Diabetes complicated with retinopathy, neuropathy, renal disease

9.7

9.2

0.012

Hemiplegia

3.2

1.7

< 0.001

Moderate or severe renal diseases

6

2.4

< 0.001

Nonmetastatic solid cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma

11.1

6.8

< 0.001

Moderate or severe liver diseases

0.6

0.5

0.001

Metastatic solid cancer

1.1

0.6

< 0.001

AIDS/HIV

0

0

0.965

Medication use**

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

3.8

1.8

< 0.001

Antiarrhythmic

45.2

28.8

< 0.001

Anticonvulsant

11.4

7.5

< 0.001

Antidepressant

18.7

11.9

< 0.001

Immunodepressant

30

23

< 0.001

Anticoagulant

70.5

58

< 0.001

β-blocker

25.9

13

< 0.001

Oral hypoglycemic agent

13.3

15.9

< 0.001

Benzodiazepine

36.9

25.9

< 0.001

Calcium Channel Blockers

44.5

32.2

< 0.001

corticosteroid

56.1

47.4

< 0.001

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs

2.1

1.3

< 0.001

Insulin

3.8

2.4

< 0.001

Loop diuretics

11.8

4.5

< 0.001

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

78.8

69.6

< 0.001

Antipsychotic

25.6

19.6

< 0.001

Peripheral vasodilators

11.6

3.5

< 0.001

Lipid-lowering agent

37.4

26.2

< 0.001

Parkinson medication

6.7

5.2

< 0.001

Hydroxyzine

8.8

6.8

< 0.001

Cardiac or aortic procedure/surgery

1

0.2

< 0.001