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Table 5 Association of rhythm (vs. rate) control after atrial fibrillation diagnosis with cardiovascular events, by sex, among elderly participants in the MarketScan database (2007–2015)

From: Sex differences in treatment strategy and adverse outcomes among patients 75 and older with atrial fibrillation in the MarketScan database

Outcome

Men

Women

p value for multiplicative interaction

ICR

Model 1

Model 2††

Model 1

Model 2††

Rate control

Rhythm control

Rate control

Rhythm control

Rate control

Rhythm control

Rate control

Rhythm control

Heart failure

 Events/N

5290/65,843

3052/31,047

5290/65,843

3052/31,047

5121/75,251

2761/28,753

5121/75,251

2761/28,753

< 0.0001

0.152

 HR (95% CI)

1 (ref.)

1.20 (1.14, 1.25)

1 (ref.)

1.21 (1.15, 1.28)

1 (ref.)

1.34 (1.28, 1.40)

1 (ref.)

1.41 (1.34, 1.49)

  

Stroke

 Events/N

1838/66,102

682/31,209

1838/66,102

682/31,209

2829/75,465

961/28,899

2829/75,465

961/28,899

0.08

0.071

 HR (95% CI)

1 (ref.)

0.73 (0.67, 0.80)

1 (ref.)

0.79 (0.72, 0.87)

1 (ref.)

0.81 (0.75, 0.87)

1 (ref.)

0.85 (0.78, 0.92)

  

Major bleeding

 Events/N

3529/66,041

1876/31,143

3529/66,041

1876/31,143

3756/75,413

1664/28,866

3756/75,413

1664/28,866

0.99

− 0.03

 HR (95% CI)

1 (ref.)

1.04 (0.98, 1.10)

1 (ref.)

1.07 (1.01, 1.14)

1 (ref.)

1.01 (0.95, 1.07)

1 (ref.)

1.02 (0.96, 1.09)

  
  1. HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ICR interaction contrast ratio
  2. Bolded results are statistically significant at p value of 0.05
  3. Model 1 adjusts for age
  4. ††Model 2 adjusts for age plus heart failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, chronic kidney disease, gastrointestinal bleed, liver disease, hyperlipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, dementia, intracranial bleeding, other forms of bleeding, alcohol abuse, use of lipid lowering medication, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin receptor blocker, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, diuretics, gastrointestinal drugs, cardiac drugs, potassium supplements, anti-diabetics, anti-platelet drugs, thiazide diuretics, anti-arrhythmics, insulin, sulphonylureas, other diuretics, statins, digoxin and oral anticoagulant use