Table 1 Clinical characteristics of participants grouped by BMI tertiles or central obesity
Characteristics | BMI tertiles (kg/m^2) | P-value | Central obesity | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 [13.83, 21.68] | T2 [21.68, 24.69] | T3 [24.69, 46.43] | No | Yes | |||
Number of subjects (n) | 1683 | 1683 | 1683 | Â | 1825 | 3224 | Â |
Age (years) | 68.13 ± 8.84 | 63.89 ± 8.72 | 61.35 ± 9.51 |  < 0.001 | 64.98 ± 9.61 | 64.16 ± 9.35 | 0.004 |
Male, n (%) | 898 (53.36%) | 820 (48.72%) | 801 (47.59%) | 0.002 | 1183 (64.82%) | 1336 (41.44%) |  < 0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 147.81 ± 18.37 | 147.00 ± 17.72 | 146.13 ± 16.49 | 0.021 | 147.05 ± 18.26 | 146.94 ± 17.15 | 0.845 |
DBP (mmHg) | 86.30 ± 11.24 | 88.99 ± 10.51 | 90.82 ± 10.55 |  < 0.001 | 88.24 ± 11.14 | 88.97 ± 10.80 | 0.054 |
HR (times/min) | 75.40 ± 15.56 | 74.98 ± 13.50 | 76.89 ± 13.91 |  < 0.001 | 74.16 ± 14.44 | 76.66 ± 14.26 |  < 0.001 |
Height (cm) | 155.22 ± 8.11 | 155.90 ± 8.09 | 156.51 ± 8.27 |  < 0.001 | 157.35 ± 7.72 | 155.05 ± 8.30 |  < 0.001 |
Weigh (kg) | 47.41 ± 6.25 | 56.58 ± 6.30 | 66.62 ± 8.60 |  < 0.001 | 52.29 ± 8.85 | 59.46 ± 10.64 |  < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m^2) | 19.62 ± 1.53 | 23.21 ± 0.86 | 27.14 ± 2.27 |  < 0.001 | 21.04 ± 2.70 | 24.61 ± 3.21 |  < 0.001 |
BMI category (kg/m^2) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
Control (< 25) | 1683 (100.00%) | 1683 (100.00%) | 155 (9.21%) |  | 1684 (92.27%) | 1837 (56.98%) |  |
Overweight (≥ 25, < 30) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1357 (80.63%) |  | 135 (7.40%) | 1222 (37.90%) |  |
General obesity (≥ 30) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 171 (10.16%) |  | 6 (0.33%) | 165 (5.12%) |  |
Waistline (cm) | 73.29 ± 6.38 | 82.39 ± 5.46 | 91.27 ± 6.47 |  < 0.001 |  |  |  |
Hipline (cm) | 86.03 ± 4.41 | 91.39 ± 4.54 | 97.05 ± 5.94 |  < 0.001 | 89.28 ± 6.46 | 92.74 ± 6.57 |  < 0.001 |
WHR | 0.85 ± 0.06 | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 0.94 ± 0.06 |  < 0.001 | 0.83 ± 0.04 | 0.94 ± 0.05 |  < 0.001 |
Central obesity, n (%) | 565 (33.57%) | 1143 (67.91%) | 1516 (90.08%) |  < 0.001 |  |  |  |
baPWV (m/s) | 18.97 ± 4.34 | 17.92 ± 3.63 | 17.35 ± 3.42 |  < 0.001 | 17.94 ± 3.85 | 18.16 ± 3.89 | 0.010 |
Increased AS, n (%) | 877 (52.11%) | 715 (42.48%) | 630 (37.43%) |  < 0.001 | 743 (40.71%) | 1479 (45.87%) |  < 0.001 |
Smoking status, n (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
Never | 771 (45.81%) | 930 (55.26%) | 990 (58.82%) | Â | 766 (41.97%) | 1925 (59.71%) | Â |
Former smoker | 292 (17.35%) | 317 (18.84%) | 323 (19.19%) | Â | 373 (20.44%) | 559 (17.34%) | Â |
Current smoker | 620 (36.84%) | 436 (25.91%) | 370 (21.98%) | Â | 686 (37.59%) | 740 (22.95%) | Â |
Drinking status, n (%) |  |  |  | 0.076 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
Never | 1030 (61.20%) | 1060 (62.98%) | 1104 (65.60%) | Â | 1043 (57.15%) | 2151 (66.72%) | Â |
Former drinker | 219 (13.01%) | 211 (12.54%) | 179 (10.64%) | Â | 259 (14.19%) | 350 (10.86%) | Â |
Current drinker | 434 (25.79%) | 412 (24.48%) | 400 (23.77%) | Â | 523 (28.66%) | 723 (22.43%) | Â |
Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 15.75 (12.91–20.88) | 14.87 (12.40–19.20) | 14.93 (12.46–18.76) |  < 0.001 | 15.62 (12.79–21.14) | 14.91 (12.50–19.02) |  < 0.001 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 5.80 ± 1.11 | 6.18 ± 1.63 | 6.44 ± 1.97 |  < 0.001 | 5.80 ± 1.10 | 6.33 ± 1.84 |  < 0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.99 ± 1.07 | 5.13 ± 1.14 | 5.25 ± 1.12 |  < 0.001 | 4.96 ± 1.07 | 5.22 ± 1.13 |  < 0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.28 ± 0.71 | 1.81 ± 1.28 | 2.18 ± 1.52 |  < 0.001 | 1.12 (0.83–1.56) | 1.63 (1.16–2.35) |  < 0.001 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.63 ± 0.43 | 1.47 ± 0.38 | 1.38 ± 0.34 |  < 0.001 | 1.60 ± 0.43 | 1.43 ± 0.36 |  < 0.001 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.71 ± 0.74 | 2.94 ± 0.80 | 3.12 ± 0.79 |  < 0.001 | 2.71 ± 0.74 | 3.04 ± 0.80 |  < 0.001 |
Serum uric acid (mmol/L) | 414.96 ± 117.95 | 425.37 ± 117.41 | 454.13 ± 125.18 |  < 0.001 | 422.65 ± 116.69 | 436.49 ± 123.63 |  < 0.001 |
Serum creatinine (mmol/L) | 68.00 (57.00–84.00) | 67.00 (55.00–81.00) | 68.00 (57.00–84.00) | 0.046 | 71.00 (59.00–86.00) | 66.00 (55.00–81.00) |  < 0.001 |
BUN (mmol/L) | 5.65 ± 2.07 | 5.37 ± 1.69 | 5.30 ± 1.70 |  < 0.001 | 5.58 ± 2.05 | 5.36 ± 1.70 | 0.002 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 83.19 ± 19.96 | 87.36 ± 18.69 | 87.62 ± 19.87 |  < 0.001 | 85.33 ± 20.32 | 86.47 ± 19.19 | 0.120 |
Total bilirubin (mmol/L) | 14.21 ± 6.59 | 14.23 ± 6.06 | 14.62 ± 6.35 | 0.107 | 14.42 ± 6.24 | 14.31 ± 6.40 | 0.306 |
Direct bilirubin (mmol/L) | 5.45 ± 2.23 | 5.28 ± 1.96 | 5.35 ± 1.95 | 0.269 | 5.54 ± 2.13 | 5.26 ± 2.00 |  < 0.001 |
AST (U/L) | 24.00 (20.00–30.00) | 24.00 (20.00–29.00) | 24.00 (20.00–31.00) | 0.003 | 24.00 (20.00–30.00) | 24.00 (20.00–30.00) | 0.212 |
ALT (U/L) | 15.00 (11.00–19.00) | 17.00 (13.00–23.00) | 21.00 (15.00–29.00) |  < 0.001 | 15.00 (12.00–21.00) | 18.00 (13.00–26.00) |  < 0.001 |
DM, n (%) | 199 (11.82%) | 323 (19.19%) | 413 (24.54%) |  < 0.001 | 199 (10.90%) | 736 (22.83%) |  < 0.001 |
CHD, n (%) | 116 (6.89%) | 104 (6.18%) | 114 (6.77%) | 0.672 | 111 (6.08%) | 223 (6.92%) | Â |
History of stroke, n (%) | 130 (7.72%) | 132 (7.84%) | 113 (6.71%) | 0.390 | 137 (7.51%) | 238 (7.38%) | Â |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 364 (21.63%) | 669 (39.75%) | 818 (48.60%) |  < 0.001 | 440 (24.11%) | 1411 (43.77%) |  < 0.001 |
Antihypertensive medications, n (%) | 938 (55.73%) | 1056 (62.75%) | 1084 (64.41%) |  < 0.001 | 1037 (56.82%) | 2041 (63.31%) |  < 0.001 |
Hypoglycemic agents, n (%) | 39 (2.32%) | 84 (4.99%) | 101 (6.00%) |  < 0.001 | 30 (1.64%) | 194 (6.02%) |  < 0.001 |
Lipid-lowering agents, n (%) | 33 (1.96%) | 62 (3.68%) | 77 (4.58%) |  < 0.001 | 47 (2.58%) | 125 (3.88%) | 0.014 |
Antiplatelet agents, n (%) | 43 (2.55%) | 65 (3.86%) | 76 (4.52%) | 0.008 | 58 (3.18%) | 126 (3.91%) | 0.184 |