Table 1 Characteristics of studies with a comparison group of people without congenital heart disease
References | Geographic region | Study period | Participants | Educational attainment data source | Sample size | Age of CHD patients (years) | Type of CHD | Factors controlled for | Study aim to assess education outcomes in patients with CHDa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kokkonen [21] | Finland, Europe | – | CHD = individuals born between 1963 and 1968 around Oulu University Central Hospital, who had a diagnosis of CHD Non-CHD = adults selected at random from the population registry of the area | Questionnaire | CHD = 71 Non-CHD = 211 | Mean 22.1 (range 19–25) | Mixed CHD | Age | Yes |
Simko [35] | US, North America | – | CHD = patients > 18 years of age who were being followed in the outpatient clinic Non-CHD = healthy control peers obtained from a random community sample by “word of mouth,” advertising in churches, supermarket bulletin boards, and the local newsletter | Questionnaire | CHD = 124 Non-CHD = 124 | Mean 26.4 (range 18–59) | Mixed CHD | Age, sex, race, and income | No |
Rose [36] | Germany, Europe | – | CHD = patients being followed in the outpatient clinic Non-CHD = Samples of the German population collected by different established German opinion research centres | Questionnaire | CHD = 111 Non-CHD = 7355 | Mean, SD 33 ± 12 | Mixed CHD | Nothing | No |
Olsen [22] | Denmark, Europe | 2006 | CHD = patients with International Classification of Diseases code for CHD in the Danish National Registry of Patients Non-CHD = healthy individuals from Denmark’s Civil Registration System | Denmark’s Integrated Database for Labour Market Research | CHD = 2986 Non-CHD = 29,246 | More than 13 years old | Mixed CHD | Age, sex, parental income and education number of siblings, having a single parent | Yes |
Ozcan [23] | Turkey, Middle East | 2005–2007 | CHD = patients who presented to the Impairment Assessment Committee of Military Hospital Non-CHD = healthy peers’ military candidates presented to the same military office | Questionnaire | CHD = 145 Male Non-CHD = 400 | Mean 23.8 (range 20–42) | Mixed CHD | Age and sex | Yes |
Zomer AC, 2012 (24) | Netherlands, Europe | 2009–2010 | CHD = patients > 18 years old registered on Congenital Corvita Dutch National Registry Non-CHD = participants from the Utrecht Health Project, dynamic population study | Questionnaire | CHD = 1496 Non-CHD = 6810 | Mean 39 (range 29–51) | Mixed CHD | Nothing | Yes |
Eslami [37] | Iran, Middle East | 2002–2010 | CHD = patients admitted to the Tehran Heart Centre and Shahid Rajee Hospital due to CHD Non-CHD = non heart disease participants randomly selected from the same area | Questionnaire | CHD = 347 Non-CHD = 353 | Mean 33.2 (range 18–64) | Mixed CHD | Age and sex | No |
Caruana [25] | Malta, Europe | 2013–2014 | CHD = patients being followed in the outpatient clinic Non-CHD = general population from department of health information and research | Questionnaire | CHD = 125 Non-CHD = 372 | Mean, SD 30.64 ± 12.80 | Mixed CHD | Age and sex | Yes |
Rometsch [38] | Switzerland, Europe | 2015–2016 | CHD = patients being followed in the outpatient clinic Non-CHD = healthy peers identified by the participating patients | Questionnaire | CHD = 188 Non-CHD = 139 | Mean 24.7 (range 18–30) | Mixed CHD | Age and sex | No |
Udholm [26] | Denmark, Europe | 2015–2018 | CHD = patients identified using the Danish National Patient Registry Non-CHD = general population from Danish study of Functional Disorders (DanFunD) | Questionnaire | CHD = 140 Non-CHD = 1120 | Mean 32.6 (range 18–65) | Unrepaired small ASD | Age and sex | Yes |
Schaefer [27] | Switzerland | – | CHD = University Children’s’ Hospital, Zurich Non-CHD = 50,066 General student population of Zurich 2006/2007 served as controls | Questionnaire | CHD = 207 Non-CHD = 38,253 | Median 18.58 (range 17–20) | Mixed CHD | Nothing | Yes |
Madsen [57] | Denmark | – | CHD = Danish nationwide population-based medical registries Two Non-CHD comparisons = (1) General population cohort identified from Danish Civil register (2) CHD patients’ siblings from same register as (1) | Statistics Denmark | CHD = 7019 Non-CHD = general population 68,805 Siblings 6257 | – | Mixed CD | Cohort1: Age and sex Cohort 2: sibling | No |