Fig. 2

Risk factor selection using the LASSO regression model. Notes: a Optimal parameter (lambda) selection in the lasso model with the 1 SE of the minimum criteria (the 1-SE criteria). Dotted vertical lines were drawn at the optimal values by using the minimum criteria and the 1-SE criteria. b LASSO coefficient profiles of the 36 features. A coefficient profile plot was produced against the log (lambda) sequence. Vertical line was drawn at the value selected, where optimal lambda resulted in five features with nonzero coefficients