Variables† | Total | FRS | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (< 10%) | Intermediate (10–19%) | High (> 20%) | |||
No. of participants, n (%) | 400 (100) | 386 (96.5) | 8 (2) | 6 (1.5) | |
Age (year), n (%) | |||||
30–50 years | 389 (97.3) | 382 (98.2) | 6 (1.5) | 1 (0.3) | < 0.001b |
50–75 years | 11 (2.8) | 4 (36.4) | 2 (18.2) | 5 (45.5) | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.28 ± 3.22 | 25.19 ± 3.13 | 28.22 ± 6.14 | 26.95 ± 1.98 | 0.158a |
Waist circumference (cm) | 46.34 ± 4.19 | 46.33 ± 4.17 | 45.75 ± 5.31 | 48.16 ± 4.4 | 0.484a |
Hip circumference (cm) | 49.54 ± 4.21 | 49.52 ± 4.20 | 48.37 ± 5.15 | 52.16 ± 3.12 | 0.109a |
Waist–hip ratio | 0.93 ± 0.05 | 0.93 ± 0.05 | 0.94 ± 0.02 | 0.92 ± 0.03 | 0.563a |
Physical activity level, n (%) | |||||
Low | 81 (20.3) | 78 (96.3) | 2 (2.5) | 1 (1.2) | 0.923b |
Moderate/high | 319 (79.7) | 308 (96.6) | 6 (1.9) | 5 (1.6) | |
Drug uses (%) | |||||
No | 301 (75.3) | 289 (96) | 6 (2) | 6 (2) | 0.367b |
Yes | 99 (24.8) | 97 (98) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | |
Diseases history (except for diabetes) (%) | |||||
No | 308 (77) | 296 (96.1) | 7 (2.3) | 5 (1.6) | 0.720b |
Yes | 92 (23) | 90 (97.8) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | |
Smoking status, n (%) | |||||
No | 383 (95.8) | 377 (98.4) | 5 (1.3) | 1 (0.3) | < 0.001b |
Yes | 17 (4.2) | 9 (52.9) | 3 (17.6) | 5 (29.4) | |
Having diabetes, n (%) | |||||
No | 384 (96) | 377 (98.2) | 3 (0.8) | 4 (1) | < 0.001b |
Yes | 16 (4) | 9 (56.3) | 5 (31.3) | 2 (12.5) | |
SBP (mmHg) | 121.25 ± 9.38 | 121.02 ± 9.35 | 128.75 ± 6.4 | 125.83 ± 10.2 | 0.033c |
FPG (mg/dl) | 117.88 ± 13.52 | 117.62 ± 13.10 | 132.04 ± 19.84 | 115.48 ± 22.13 | 0.010c |
HDL (mg/dl) | 43 ± 7.01 | 43.09 ± 6.98 | 41.76 ± 9.01 | 38.84 ± 4.87 | 0.299c |
TC (mg/dl) | 150.83 ± 21.56 | 150.48 ± 21.18 | 163.16 ± 38.36 | 156.70 ± 13.81 | 0.206c |
HDI score | 5.98 ± 1.36 | 5.99 ± 1.37 | 5.87 ± 1.12 | 5.83 ± 1.47 | 0.940c |
Dietary intake, median (IQR) | |||||
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2027.4 (1303.35) | 2024.04 (1324.43) | 2130.04 (1722.31) | 2400.72 (924.50) | 0.641a |
Whole grains (g/day) | 208.37 (146.86) | 206.64 (142.23) | 325.55 (196.43) | 299.01 (166.75) | 0.158a |
Beans and other legumes (g/day) | 28.12 (23.37) | 27.79 (23.06) | 27.90 (30.18) | 31.67 (33.76) | 0.947c |
Fruits, vegetables (g/day) | 842.85 (845.64) | 832.49 (857.11) | 922.21 (797.44) | 1094.94 (730.66) | 0.957c |
Nuts and seeds (g/day) | 19.23 (24.39) | 19.33 (27.58) | 17.69 (12.5) | 19.24 (4.93) | 0.791c |
Dietary fiber (g/day) | 28.7 (21.03) | 28.7 (21.30) | 29.08 (23.26) | 38.96 (21.91) | 0.967c |
Total fat (% total energy) | 32.45 (7.36) | 32.3 (7.64) | 33.73 (8.84) | 32.96 (6.99) | 0.936a |
Saturated fat (% total energy) | 10.3 (3.73) | 10.36 (3.69) | 10.13 (4.49) | 10.35 (6.20) | 0.982a |
Free sugars (% total energy) | 43.49 (15.97) | 43.52 (16.24) | 43.78 (21.18) | 44.5 (19.92) | 0.790a |
Dietary sodium (g/day) | 3.44 (2.84) | 3.42 (2.76) | 6.48 (6.27) | 8.06 (3.94) | 0.927a |
Unprocessed red meat (g/day) | 73.19 (54.64) | 73.19 (55.14) | 85.92 (67.93) | 81.52 (34.34) | 0.448a |
Processed meat (g/day) | 13.12 (15) | 13.75 (15.54) | 8.04 (8.44) | 9.01 (12.54) | 0.002 a |