Table 2 Multivariable Logistic regression model for predicting CVD risk in COPD patients

Age (year)

0.071

7.900

<0.001

1.073 (1.054, 1.092)

Gender

 Male

Ref

 Female

− 0.311

− 3.730

 < 0.001

0.537 (0.384, 0.751)

Education

 Less than High School

Ref

 High school

0.267

2.020

0.049

1.551 (0.975, 2.469)

 Any college

− 0.094

− 0.860

0.395

1.082 (0.735, 1.592)

 PIR

− 0.033

− 0.570

0.570

0.967 (0.861, 1.087)

General health

 Very good or excellent

− 0.316

− 2.000

0.051

0.478 (0.306, 0.748)

 Good

− 0.106

− 0.770

0.448

0.590 (0.412, 0.845)

 Fair or poor

Ref

General health compared with last year

 Better

0.134

0.870

0.388

1.117 (0.678, 1.839)

 Worse

Ref

 Same

− 0.157

− 1.340

0.185

0.835 (0.583, 1.196)

 BMI (kg/m²)

0.025

2.270

0.028

1.025 (1.003, 1.048)

Smoke

 Yes

0.121

1.180

0.242

1.274 (0.845, 1.922)

 No

Ref

 Cotinine (ng/g urinary creatinine)

0.017

0.850

0.397

1.017 (0.978, 1.057)

 NNAL (10^–2 ng/g urinary creatinine)

0.780

0.130

0.900

2.182 (2.025, 2.451)

 Sedentary activity per day (minutes)

0.000

0.290

0.774

1.000 (0.999, 1.001)

 Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

− 0.009

− 1.690

0.097

0.991 (0.98, 1.002)

 Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

− 0.008

− 1.190

0.238

0.992 (0.979, 1.005)

 HDL (mmol/L)

− 0.875

− 3.580

 < 0.001

0.417 (0.255, 0.681)

 HbA1c (%)

0.175

3.370

0.002

1.192 (1.073, 1.323)

Family history of heart disease

 Yes

0.490

4.950

 < 0.001

2.665 (1.790, 3.967)

 No

Ref

Asthma

 Have

0.128

1.330

0.190

1.292 (0.877, 1.905)

 Haven’t

Ref

Number of times received healthcare

 Over past year

 0

Ref

 1

− 0.135

− 0.340

0.733

1.995 (0.662, 6.015)

 2–3

0.211

1.280

0.207

2.819 (1.355, 5.867)

 4–9

− 0.085

− 0.670

0.504

2.097 (1.007, 4.367)

 10–12

0.440

1.690

0.097

3.545 (1.436, 8.753)

 13 or more

0.393

1.850

0.071

3.38 (1.434, 7.967)

Stayed overnight in the hospital due to illness last year

 Yes

0.425

4.100

< 0.001

2.341 (1.543, 3.551)

 No

Ref