Fig. 3

Patient 13 had premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) with acute successful RFCA at the superior portion of the mitral annulus (SP-MA). a Twelve-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) morphology of the QRS complex during sinus rhythm (SR) and PVCs (paper speed 25 mm/s). b Pace-mapping QRS complex morphology (paper speed 25 mm/s). c A stimulus-to-QRS interval of 26 ms with an excellent pace map was recorded at the acute successful RFCA site (paper speed 100 mm/s). d CARTO3 mapping indicates an acute successful RFCA site at the SP-MA. e, f Left and right anterior oblique fluoroscopic views indicate an acute successful RFCA site at the free wall of the SP-MA. The intra-cardiac echocardiography (ICE) catheter was advanced into the right ventricle to show the location of the RFCA catheter tip (arrow). g Earliest V-QRS interval of 0 ms for bipolar recording during PVCs (paper speed 100 mm/s) and an A/V ratio of 0.43 during SR. h QRS-Uni interval of 34 ms for unipolar recording during PVCs, with an R-ratio of 0.07 (paper speed 100 mm/s). i, j ICE showed that the ablation catheter tip was on the left side of the AMC (arrow)