|
Variable
|
All Patients
|
Categories of self-reported pain after discharge
| |
|---|
|
No pain
|
Mild-moderate pain, documented in EHR
|
Mild-moderate pain, NOT documented in EHR
|
Severe pain
|
P value
|
|---|
| |
N = 787
|
N = 285
|
N = 101
|
N = 347
|
N = 54
| |
| |
N (%)
|
N (%)
|
N (%)
|
N (%)
|
N (%)
| |
|
Age
| | | | | |
0.01*
|
|
< 50
|
116 (14.7)
|
30 (10.5)
|
14 (13.9)
|
64 (18.4)
|
8 (14.8)
| |
|
50–64
|
336 (42.7)
|
120 (42.1)
|
47 (46.5)
|
141 (40.6)
|
28 (51.9)
| |
|
≥ 65
|
335 (42.6)
|
135 (47.4)
|
40 (39.6)
|
142 (40.9)
|
18 (33.3)
| |
|
Gender
| | | | | |
0.01*
|
|
Female
|
235 (29.9)
|
68 (23.9)
|
26 (25.7)
|
121 (34.9)
|
30 (37.0)
| |
|
Race
| | | | | |
0.42
|
|
White
|
741 (94.9)
|
269 (95.1)
|
97 (97.0)
|
326 (94.8)
|
49 (90.7)
| |
|
Black
|
8 (1.0)
|
4 (1.4)
|
1 (1.0)
|
3 (0.9)
|
0 (0.0)
| |
|
Hispanic
|
32 (4.1)
|
10 (3.5)
|
2 (2.0)
|
15 (4.4)
|
5 (9.3)
| |
|
Education
| | | | | |
0.31
|
|
≤ High school
|
286 (36.3)
|
115 (40.4)
|
32 (31.7)
|
116 (33.4)
|
23 (42.6)
| |
|
Some college
|
241 (30.6)
|
75 (26.3)
|
33 (32.7)
|
116 (33.4)
|
17 (31.5)
| |
|
≥ College graduate
|
260 (33.0)
|
95 (33.3)
|
36 (35.6)
|
115 (33.1)
|
14 (25.9)
| |
|
Low social support
| | | | | |
0.38
|
|
Yes
|
41 (5.2)
|
17 (6.0)
|
5 (5.0)
|
14 (4.0)
|
5 (9.3)
| |
|
Live alone
| | | | | |
0.63
|
|
Yes
|
158 (20.1)
|
54 (18.9)
|
24 (23.8)
|
67 (19.3)
|
13 (24.1)
| |
|
Low health literacy
| | | | | |
0.69
|
|
Yes
|
227 (29.0)
|
80 (28.2)
|
34 (34.0)
|
97 (28.0)
|
16 (29.6)
| |
|
Heavy drinker
| | | | | |
0.30
|
|
Yes
|
74 (9.4)
|
25 (8.8)
|
13 (12.9)
|
34 (9.8)
|
2 (3.7)
| |
|
Current smoker
| | | | | |
0.04*
|
|
Yes
|
161 (20.6)
|
52 (18.2)
|
23 (22.8)
|
68 (19.6)
|
19 (35.2)
| |
|
Where to seek health care
| | | | | |
0.44
|
|
No places
|
87 (11.1)
|
28 (10.0)
|
11 (10.9)
|
42 (12.1)
|
6 (11.1)
| |
|
Clinic or doctor office
|
619 (79.2)
|
233 (82.9)
|
78 (77.2)
|
267 (77.2)
|
41 (75.9)
| |
|
Other places
|
35 (4.5)
|
8 (2.8)
|
4 (4.0)
|
21 (6.1)
|
2 (3.7)
| |
|
Emergency department
|
41 (5.2)
|
12 (4.3)
|
8 (7.9)
|
16 (4.6)
|
5 (9.3)
| |
|
Acute coronary syndrome type
| | | | | |
0.01*
|
|
STEMI
|
171 (21.7)
|
72 (25.3)
|
10 (9.9)
|
79 (22.8)
|
10 (18.5)
| |
|
NSTEMI
|
470 (59.7)
|
174 (61.1)
|
65 (64.4)
|
200 (57.6)
|
31 (57.4)
| |
|
Unstable angina
|
146 (18.6)
|
39 (13.7)
|
26 (25.7)
|
68 (19.6)
|
13 (24.1)
| |
|
History of PCI
| | | | | |
0.12
|
|
Yes
|
174 (22.1)
|
54 (18.9)
|
22 (21.8)
|
80 (23.1)
|
18 (33.3)
| |
|
History of CABG
| | | | | |
0.33
|
|
Yes
|
87 (11.1)
|
26 (9.1)
|
16 (15.8)
|
39 (11.2)
|
6 (11.1)
| |
|
Comorbiditya (mean [SD])
|
2.0 [1.7]
|
1.8 [1.6]
|
2.3 [1.8]
|
2.0 [1.7]
|
2.8 [2.0]
|
< 0.001*
|
|
Reporting generic pain
| | | | | |
< 0.001*
|
|
No
|
181 (23.1)
|
107 (37.8)
|
11 (10.9)
|
58 (16.8)
|
5 (9.3)
| |
|
Mild to moderate
|
447 (57.1)
|
141 (49.8)
|
65 (64.4)
|
220 (63.8)
|
21 (38.9)
| |
|
Severe
|
155 (19.8)
|
35 (12.4)
|
25 (24.8)
|
67 (19.4)
|
28 (51.9)
| |
- Pain category was defined using pain self-reported for the first month after discharge from index hospitalization (using SF-36 survey distributed at one month post-discharge) and electronic health record (EHR) documentation of pain extracted by natural language processing from patient’s clinical notes created within 30 days post discharge and before readmission to the hospital (if any). TRACE-CORE Transitions, Risks, and Actions in Coronary Events Center for Outcomes Research and Education, STEMI ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, NSTEMI non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG coronary artery bypass graft, SD, standard deviation
- aThe number of diseases from the following 14 conditions in patient’s medical history: atrial fibrillation, Alzheimer or dementia, anemia, cancer, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, chronic lung disease, Type 2 diabetes, dialysis, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, valvular heart disease, coronary heart disease or myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack or stroke
- *Indicates statistically significant (P < 0.05). p-values were calculated by chi-square test (for non-age categorical variables that have no cell size smaller than 5), Fisher’s exact test (for non-age categorical variables that have cell size smaller than 5), analysis of variance (for comorbidity). We used Cuzick's Test for Trend to assess the trend of age across the 4 pain categories
