Table 2 Demographic, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics according to tertiles of GDF-15
| Â | Total | GDF-15 (pg/mL) | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | ||||
NÂ =Â 1907 | NÂ =Â 642 | NÂ =Â 625 | NÂ =Â 640 | |||
GDF-15 | Median [IQR] | 1468 [1168–1984] | 1059 [932–1168] | 1460 [1368–1605] | 2267 [1960–2991] | – |
Range | 592–13,015 | 592–1272 | 1273–1760 | 1762–13,015 | ||
Age, years | Mean ± SD | 72.9 ± 5.0 | 70.6 ± 3.8 | 72.9 ± 4.7 | 75.1 ± 5.3 | 5.6 × 10−66 |
Females | N (%) | 962 (48.3%) | 393 (59.6%) | 316 (48.2%) | 253 (37.4%) | 4.9 × 10−15 |
BMI, kg/m2 | Mean ± SD | 26.5 ± 4.2 | 26.2 ± 4.2 | 26.7 ± 4.1 | 26.5 ± 4.2 | 0.105 |
BSA, m2 | Mean ± SD | 1.80 ± 0.19 | 1.78 ± 0.19 | 1.81 ± 0.19 | 1.82 ± 0.18 | 1.8 × 10−4 |
Serum creatinine, mg/dL−1 | Mean ± SD | 0.96 ± 0.27 | 0.87 ± 0.20 | 0.94 ± 0.21 | 1.07 ± 0.33 | 1.5 × 10−46 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | Mean ± SD | 69.3 ± 21.0 | 75.2 ± 21.3 | 70.0 ± 19.4 | 62.9 ± 20.6 | 2.9 × 10−26 |
CKD (eGFR < 60) | N (%) | 671 (34.0%) | 141 (12.5%) | 209 (32.3%) | 321 (48.1%) | 1.0 × 10−23 |
Clinical history | ||||||
Hypertension | N (%) | 1183 (59.4%) | 385 (58.4%) | 394 (60.2%) | 404 (59.8%) | 0.798 |
Diabetes mellitus | N (%) | 330 (16.7%) | 47 (7.2%) | 94 (14.5%) | 189 (28.0%) | 6.2 × 10−24 |
Smoking | N (%) | 259 (13.0%) | 49 (7.4%) | 86 (13.1%) | 124 (18.4)% | 7.3 × 10−15 |
Alcohol use | N (%) | 1170 (58.8%) | 399 (60.5%) | 386 (58.9%) | 385 (57.0%) | 0.427 |
Dyslipidaemia | N (%) | 854 (43.9%) | 289 (44.6%) | 300 (46.9%) | 265 (40.2%) | 0.046 |
Angina pectoris | N (%) | 123 (6.2%) | 24 (3.6%) | 35 (5.3%) | 64 (9.5%) | 3.2 × 10−5 |
Myocardial infarction | N (%) | 122 (6.2%) | 16 (2.4%) | 34 (5.2%) | 72 (10.7%) | 1.4 × 10−9 |
Atrial fibrillation | N (%) | 153 (7.7%) | 29 (44.4%) | 44 (6.7%) | 80 (11.8%) | 1.0 × 10−6 |
Heart failure | N (%) | 127 (6.7%) | 15 (2.4%) | 35 (5.6%) | 77 (12.3%) | 6.0 × 10−12 |
AHA/ACC class | ||||||
Normal | N (%) | 249 (12.5%) | 112 (17.0%) | 82 (12.5%) | 55 (8.1%) | 2.2 × 10−12 |
A | N (%) | 466 (23.4%) | 158 (24.0%) | 153 (23.4%) | 155 (22.9%) | |
B | N (%) | 1148 (57.7%) | 374 (56.8%) | 385 (58.8%) | 389 (57.5%) | |
C | N (%) | 127 (6.4%) | 15 (2.3%) | 35 (5.3%) | 77 (11.4%) | |
COPD | N (%) | 178 (8.9%) | 34 (5.2%) | 67 (10.2%) | 77 (11.4%) | 1.3 × 10−4 |
Circulating biomarkers | ||||||
IGFBP7, ng/mL | Median [IQR] | 166 [151–184] | 155 [144–167] | 166 [153–179] | 182 [163–203] | 4.0 × 10−80 |
P1NP, ng/mL | Median [IQR] | 35.2 [26.3–46.0] | 35.1 [26.8–44.8] | 35.4 [26.6–45.1] | 35.1 [25.7–49.3] | 0.756 |
hs cTnT, ng/L | Median [IQR] | 5.5 [3.0–9.5] | 3.3 [3.0–5.9] | 5.6 [3.0–9.0] | 8.5 [4.9–14.1] | 2.8 × 10−69 |
NT-proBNP, ng/L | Median [IQR] | 92 [47–186] | 66 [37–122] | 90 [47–180] | 135 [66–299] | 1.1 × 10−32 |
Echocardiography | ||||||
LVEF, % (N = 1858) | Mean ± SD | 66.1 ± 7.4 | 67.0 ± 6.2 | 66.5 ± 6.8 | 64.6 ± 8.8 | 4.4 × 10−8 |
LAA-, cm2 (N = 1332) | Mean ± SD | 11.2 ± 4.4 | 10.7 ± 3.8 | 11.1 ± 4.3 | 12.0 ± 4.9 | 1.9 × 10−5 |
LV mass / BSA, g/m2 (N = 1489) | Mean ± SD | 92.2 ± 23.2 | 87.9 ± 20.3 | 91.1 ± 22.0 | 98.1 ± 26.3 | 2.4 × 10−12 |
LVH (N = 1853) | N (%) | 396 (24.8%) | 119 (21.0%) | 119 (22.6%) | 158 (31.5%) | 1.2 × 10−4 |
MFS reduced (N = 1470) | N (%) | 471 (32.2%) | 120 (23.4%) | 159 (32.6%) | 195 (41.4%) | 1.6 × 10−8 |
E/e’ > 8 (N = 1801) | N (%) | 801 (44.7%) | 239 (39.6%) | 262 (43.9%) | 300 (50.8%) | 0.001 |
Enlarged LA-area (N = 1332) | N (%) | 54 (4.1%) | 10 (2.1%) | 18 (4.1%) | 26 (6.2%) | 0.008 |
Outcomes (N = 1715) | ||||||
All-cause mortality | N (%) | 526 (30.8%) | 81 (14.8%) | 139 (24.6%) | 306 (51.4%) | 5.6 × 10−43 |
CV mortality | N (%) | 125 (6.3%) | 14 (2.1%) | 33 (5.0%) | 78 (11.5%) | 3.4 × 10−12 |
Hospitalization | N (%) | 1360 (79.7%) | 410 (75.0%) | 448 (79.3%) | 502 (84.4%) | 4.0 × 10−4 |
CV hospitalization | N (%) | 613 (35.9%) | 153 (28.0%) | 192 (34.0%) | 268 (45.0%) | 7.4 × 10−9 |
HF hospitalization | N (%) | 184 (10.8%) | 26 (4.8%) | 62 (11.0%) | 96 (16.1%) | 4.5 × 10−9 |