Table 1 Baseline characteristics
Variables | All patients (n = 162) | NCA, normal hs-cTnT (n = 54) | CAD, normal hs-cTnT (n = 23) | NCA, elevated hs-cTnT (n = 53) | CAD, elevated hs-cTnT (n = 32) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 57.5 ± 13.5 | 52.2 ± 12.5 | 63.3 ± 11.5 | 55.9 ± 14.4 | 64.6 ± 10.1 | < 0.001 |
Gender, male | 95 (58.6%) | 31 (57.4%) | 16 (69.6%) | 30 (56.6%) | 18 (56.2%) | 0.722 |
Family history of HCM | 10 (6.2%) | 3 (5.6%) | 1 (4.3%) | 4 (7.5%) | 2 (6.2%) | 0.952 |
Family history of SCD | 4 (2.5%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1 (4.3%) | 2 (3.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.658 |
Current or prior tobacco use | 60 (37.0%) | 18 (33.3%) | 13 (56.5%) | 15 (28.3%) | 14 (43.8%) | 0.093 |
NYHA class III/IV | 52 (32.1%) | 10 (18.5%) | 7 (30.4%) | 22 (41.5%) | 13 (40.6%) | 0.050 |
Symptoms | ||||||
Chest pain | 121 (74.7%) | 41 (75.9%) | 18 (78.3%) | 35 (66.0%) | 27 (84.4%) | 0.274 |
Palpitations | 64 (39.5%) | 22 (40.7%) | 8 (34.8%) | 23 (43.4%) | 11 (34.4%) | 0.816 |
Syncope/pre-syncope | 47 (29.0%) | 16 (29.6%) | 7 (30.4%) | 20 (37.7%) | 4 (12.5%) | 0.101 |
Dyspnea | 98 (60.5%) | 29 (53.7%) | 13 (56.5%) | 34 (64.2%) | 22 (68.8%) | 0.493 |
Comorbidities | ||||||
Atrial fibrillation | 18 (11.1%) | 4 (7.4%) | 4 (17.4%) | 5 (9.4%) | 5 (15.6%) | 0.479 |
Hypertension | 64 (39.5%) | 14 (25.9%) | 14 (60.9%) | 15 (28.3%) | 21 (65.6%) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 15 (9.3%) | 4 (7.4%) | 3 (13.0%) | 3 (5.7%) | 5 (15.6%) | 0.396 |
Vascular diseases | 18 (11.1%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (9.4%) | 12 (37.5%) | < 0.001 |
Therapies | ||||||
Aspirin | 38 (23.5%) | 8 (14.8%) | 8 (34.8%) | 6 (11.3%) | 16 (50.0%) | < 0.001 |
Clopidogrel | 14 (8.6%) | 2 (3.7%) | 1 (4.3%) | 3 (5.7%) | 8 (25.0%) | 0.003 |
Warfarin | 8 (4.9%) | 2 (3.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (5.7%) | 3 (9.4%) | 0.428 |
Statins | 69 (42.6%) | 15 (27.8%) | 15 (65.2%) | 15 (28.3%) | 24 (75.0%) | < 0.001 |
Beta-blocker | 131 (80.9%) | 44 (81.5%) | 21 (91.3%) | 42 (79.2%) | 24 (75.0%) | 0.487 |
Diltiazem | 10 (6.2%) | 4 (7.4%) | 2 (8.7%) | 2 (3.8%) | 2 (6.2%) | 0.820 |
ICD | 7 (4.3%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (9.4%) | 1 (3.1%) | 0.446 |
Pacemaker | 4 (2.5%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1 (4.3%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1 (3.1%) | |
Septal myectomy | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.293 |
Alcohol septal ablation | 28 (17.3%) | 14 (25.9%) | 2 (8.7%) | 6 (11.3%) | 6 (18.8%) | |
Echocardiography data | ||||||
LVEDD (mm) | 44.4 ± 5.6 | 43.9 ± 5.1 | 44.7 ± 4.8 | 44.6 ± 6.9 | 44.7 ± 4.5 | 0.883 |
LA diameter (mm) | 40.7 ± 6.8 | 38.8 ± 6.3 | 40.4 ± 7.2 | 42.3 ± 7.3 | 41.3 ± 5.9 | 0.056 |
MWT (mm) | 18.9 ± 4.8 | 18.6 ± 5.0 | 17.1 ± 3.1 | 20.0 ± 5.4 | 19.1 ± 4.1 | 0.108 |
LVEF (%) | 67.5 ± 8.6 | 70.3 ± 4.7 | 68.9 ± 5.2 | 65.3 ± 11.9 | 65.6 ± 7.8 | 0.008 |
LVOT obstruction | 78 (48.1%) | 27 (50.0%) | 11 (47.8%) | 17 (32.1%) | 23 (71.9%) | 0.005 |
Biochemical markers | ||||||
Hs-cTnT (ng/L) | 30.9 ± 40.1 | 8.8 ± 3.5 | 9.4 ± 3.0 | 47.8 ± 43.1 | 55.5 ± 53.9 | < 0.001 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 0.358 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.186 |