Table 1 Baseline characteristics and data on admission divided by plasma osmolality
|  | All patients (n = 960) | Q1 (n = 318) Osm < 293.2 | Q2 (n = 322) 293.2 ≤ Osm < 300.3 | Q3 (n = 320) 300.3 ≤ Osm | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 83 (77–87) | 83 (77–87) | 83 (77–87) | 83 (77–87) | 0.9761 |
Female | 524 (55) | 178 (56) | 179 (56) | 167 (52) | 0.5709 |
Prior HF hospitalization | 244 (26) | 63 (20)‡ | 84 (26) | 97 (31)* | 0.0089 |
Comorbidities | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Hypertension | 809 (85) | 254 (80)‡ | 272 (85) | 183 (89)* | 0.0112 |
Diabetes | 314 (33) | 87 (28)‡ | 93 (29)‡ | 134 (42)*,†|  < 0.0001 |
Dyslipidemia | 393 (41) | 111 (35)‡ | 128 (40) | 154 (48)* | 0.0036 |
COPD | 73 (8) | 25 (8) | 21 (7) | 27 (9) | 0.6247 |
CKD | 384 (40) | 97 (31)‡ | 118 (37)‡ | 169 (53)*,†|  < 0.0001 |
Malignancy | 112 (12) | 36 (12) | 33 (10) | 43 (14) | 0.4165 |
General condition on admission | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.8 (21.0–26.9) | 23.2 (20.6–26.5)‡ | 23.7 (20.9–26.8) | 24.6 (21.9–27.7)* | 0.0022 |
SBP, mmHg | 147 (128–170) | 146 (129–166) | 149 (127–167) | 149 (128–175) | 0.3444 |
DBP, mmHg | 80 (66–93) | 82 (69–92) | 80 (67–94) | 76 (64–93) | 0.2598 |
Heart rate | 82 (67–100) | 82 (68–102) | 82 (68–99) | 82 (65–100) | 0.7596 |
AF | 444 (46) | 153 (48) | 154 (48) | 137 (43) | 0.3187 |
GNRI | 98 (90–106) | 96 (89–103)‡ | 98 (90–106) | 100 (92–107)* | 0.0110 |
Laboratory examination on admission | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.1 (9.8–12.5) | 11.5 (10.1–12.7)‡ | 11.4 (10.1–12.7)‡ | 10.7 (9.4–12.3)*,†|  < 0.0001 |
Hematocrit, % | 34 (30–38) | 35 (31–38)‡ | 35 (31–38)‡ | 33 (29–38)*,†| 0.0033 |
Serum total protein, g/dL | 6.7 (6.3–7.1) | 6.7 (6.3–7.2) | 6.7 (6.3–7.2) | 6.7 (6.2–7.1) | 0.3454 |
Serum albumin, g/dL | 3.5 (3.2–3.8) | 3.5 (3.1–3.8) | 3.5 (3.2–3.9) | 3.5 (3.1–3.8) | 0.3340 |
BUN, mg/dL | 22 (16–32) | 18 (14–24)†,‡ | 21 (15–27)*,‡ | 31 (23–43)*,†|  < 0.0001 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.2)†,‡ | 1.0 (0.8–1.3)*,‡ | 1.4 (0.9–2.0)*,†|  < 0.0001 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 45 (30–58) | 51 (38–65)†,‡ | 45 (33–59)*,‡ | 33 (21–50)*,†|  < 0.0001 |
Serum sodium, mEq/L | 140 (137–142) | 137 (134–138)†,‡ | 141 (139–142)*,‡ | 142 (140–144)*,†|  < 0.0001 |
Serum potassium, mEq/L | 4.1 (3.7–4.5) | 4.2 (3.8–4.5)†| 4.0 (3.7–4.4)*,‡ | 4.2 (3.7–4.6)†| 0.0084 |
Serum chloride, mEq/L | 105 (101–108) | 101 (98–105)†,‡ | 105 (103–108)*,‡ | 107 (104–110)*,†|  < 0.0001 |
NT-proBNP, ng/L | 3250 (1718–6430) | 2950 (1637–5281‡ | 2820 (1580–5292)‡ | 4805 (2108–10,010)*,†|  < 0.0001 |
CRP, mg/dL | 0.53 (0.19–1.94) | 0.64 (0.21–2.43) | 0.46 (0.18–1.47) | 0.53 (0.20–2.00) | 0.0734 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 122 (103–161) | 118 (101–146)‡ | 117 (102–147)‡ | 133 (112–194)*,†|  < 0.0001 |
PVS, % | 8.7 (− 0.4–16.8) | 8.3 (− 0.04–17.4) | 7.4 (− 1.1–15.6) | 9.8 (0.6–17.9) | 0.3156 |
Plasma osmolality, mOsm/kg | 297 (291–303) | 288 (283–291)†,‡ | 297 (295–299)*,‡ | 305 (303–309)*,†|  < 0.0001 |
Echocardiographic variables on admission | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
LVDd, mm | 46 (42–51) | 46 (41–49)‡ | 46 (41–51) | 47 (43–51)* | 0.0066 |
LVEF, % | 60 (56–65) | 60 (56–67) | 61 (56–65) | 60 (55–65) | 0.8524 |
LAD, mm | 44 (40–50) | 44 (39–49) | 45 (40–51) | 45 (39–50) | 0.1973 |
E/A | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 0.9 (0.7–1.5) | 0.4369 |
E/e′ | 16 (12–21) | 16 (12–20)‡ | 16 (12–21) | 17 (13–22)* | 0.0311 |
TRPG, mmHg | 36 (28–45) | 36 (28–45) | 36 (29–45) | 36 (29–45) | 0.9959 |
IVC max, mm | 19 (15–22) | 18 (15–22) | 18 (15–22)‡ | 19 (16–22)†| 0.0548 |
IVC collapsibility | 0.44 (0.28–0.57) | 0.38 (0.23–0.55)†| 0.48 (0.30–0.59)* | 0.44 (0.29–0.56) | 0.0009 |
Acute phase treatment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
NIPPV usage | 121 (13) | 36 (11)‡ | 26 (8)‡ | 59 (19)*,†| 0.0003 |
intubation | 16 (1.7) | 3 (0.9) | 2 (0.6)‡ | 11 (3)†| 0.0094 |
DOA (continuous injection) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 0.3663 |
DOB (continuous injection) | 17 (1.7) | 2 (0.6) | 7 (2) | 8 (3) | 0.1591 |
NAD (continuous injection) | 10 (1.0) | 3 (0.9) | 3 (0.9) | 4 (1.3) | 0.9018 |
PDE3I (continuous injection) | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 0.3717 |
Carperitide (continuous injection) | 207 (22) | 54 (17)‡ | 66 (21) | 87 (27)* | 0.0063 |
nitrates (continuous injection) | 264 (28) | 85 (27) | 80 (25) | 99 (31) | 0.1989 |
Calcium channel blocker (continuous injection) | 77 (8) | 18 (6)‡ | 23 (7) | 36 (11)* | 0.0255 |
Nicorandil (continuous injection) | 6 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (0.9) | 2 (0.6) | 0.6125 |
Diuretics (continuous injection) | 310 (32) | 103 (32) | 100 (31) | 107 (34) | 0.7970 |
Diuretics (bolus injection) | 549 (57) | 176 (55) | 178 (55) | 195 (61) | 0.2296 |
Prescription before admission | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Antiplatelet | 292 (30) | 91 (29) | 95 (30) | 106 (33) | 0.4225 |
ACE inhibitor or ARB | 481 (50) | 149 (47) | 156 (48) | 176 (55) | 0.0924 |
Calcium channel blocker | 489 (51) | 148 (47) | 162 (50) | 179 (56) | 0.0575 |
β-blocker | 444 (46) | 136 (43) | 155 (48) | 153 (48) | 0.3031 |
Loop diuretics | 483 (50) | 133 (42)‡ | 165 (51) | 185 (58)* | 0.0003 |
Thiazide | 72 (8) | 33 (10)†| 13 (4)* | 26 (8) | 0.0085 |
Tolvaptan | 52 (5) | 14 (4) | 22 (7) | 16 (5) | 0.3667 |
Aldosterone antagonist | 204 (21) | 72 (23) | 68 (21) | 64 (20) | 0.7153 |
SGLT2 inhibitor | 15 (1.6) | 6 (1.9) | 2 (0.6) | 7 (2) | 0.2363 |
Anticoagulant | 424 (44) | 154 (48) | 145 (45) | 125 (39) | 0.0545 |