Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics in patients with or without in-hospital death

Demographics

Age (year), mean ± SD

44.9 ± 16.0

44.4 ± 15.8

50.0 ± 17.5

 Age > 60, n (%)

136 (22.2)

117 (21.1)

19 (32.8)

Female, n (%)

423 (69.0)

378 (68.1)

45 (77.6)

Comorbidities

Hypertension, n (%)

96 (15.7)

85(15.3)

11(19.0)

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

46 (7.5)

37(6.7)

9(15.5)

RHD, n (%)

109 (17.8)

93(16.8)

16(27.6)

CHD, n (%)

185 (30.2)

171(30.9)

14(24.1)

Prosthetic valve, n (%)

50 (8.2)

35(6.3)

15(25.9)

NYHA III-IV, n (%)

213 (34.7)

176(31.7)

37(63.8)

Laboratory results

TBI (mmol/L), median (IQR)

13.7 (10.0–19.4)

13.6 (10.0–18.7)

19.8 (10.9–33.1)

CRP (mg/L), median (IQR)

34.4 (14.3–74.0)

33.0 (14.0–70.9)

66.0 (23.6–97.2)

SCr (mmol/L), median (IQR)

78.0 (63.0–100.8)

77.5 (62.0–96.3)

88.9 (69.0–132.9)

Platelet (10⁹/L), median (IQR)

153.0 (105.2–246.8)

158.0 (106.5–250.0)

127.9 (88.1–219.9)

Fibrinogen (g/L), median (IQR)

4.7 (3.9–5.8)

4.8 (3.9–5.8)

4.3 (3.7–5.7)

D-dimer^a (mg/L), median (IQR)

1.2 (0.5–2.5)

1.1 (0.5–2.4)

1.6 (0.8–4.0)

Echocardiographic findings

LVEF (%), mean ± SD

64.6 ± 7.8

64.9 ± 7.5

62.2 ± 9.7

Vegetation, n (%)

592 (96.6)

541 (97.5)

51 (87.9)

 Vegetation > 1 cm, n (%)

341 (68.5)

304 (67.3)

37 (80.4)

 Vegetation location, n (%)

  Aortic valve

171 (27.9)

149 (26.8)

22 (37.9)

  Mitral valve

254 (41.4)

237 (42.7)

17 (29.3)

  Others

64 (10.8)

62 (11.5)

2 (3.9)

PVCs^b, n (%)

64 (10.4)

50 (9.0)

14 (24.1)

Culture positive, n (%)

386 (63)

353(63.6)

33(56.9)

 Blood culture, n (%)

378 (61.7%)

346 (62.3)

32 (55.2)

 Tissue culture, n (%)

12 (2.0)

10 (1.8)

2 (3.4)

Causative organisms

 Staphylococcus, n (%)

91 (23.4)

81 (22.9)

10 (28.6)

 Streptococcus, n (%)

206 (53.0)

191 (54.0)

15 (42.9)

 Others. n (%)

92 (23.7)

82 (23.2)

10 (28.6)

Surgical treatment, n (%)

381 (62.2)

366(65.9)

15(25.9)