Table 1 Baseline characteristics among 721 Black African hypertensive patients in the CREOLE trial based on dipping pattern
Variable | Non-dippers N = 564 (78%) | Dippers N = 157 (22%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 52 ± 11 | 48 ± 10 | 0.001 |
 Gender, female | 353 (63) | 101 (64) | 0.689 |
BMIe kg/m2 < 25(normal) | 152 (27) | 48 (30) |  |
 25– < 30 (overweight) | 207 (37) | 64 (41) |  |
  ≥ 30 (obese) | 204 (36) | 45 (29) | 0.210 |
Treatment arm | Â | Â | Â |
 Amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide | 194 (34) | 49 (31) | 0.245 |
 Amlodipine and perindopril | 191 (34) | 47 (30) |  |
 Perindopril and hydrochlorothiazide | 179 (32) | 61 (39) |  |
Hypertension duration < 1 year | 285 (51) | 86 (55) | 0.347 |
Diabetes mellitus | 36 (6) | 3 (2) | 0.027 |
Current smoking | 56 (10) | 15 (10) | 0.889 |
Current alcohol use | 196 (35) | 37 (24) | 0.008 |
Office heart rate, beats/minute | 82 ± 14 | 80 ± 13 | 0.148 |
Office systolic BP, mmHg | 160 ± 11 | 158 ± 10 | 0.041 |
Office diastolic BP, mmHg | 98 ± 10 | 99 ± 8 | 0.144 |
Day ambulatory systolic BP, mmHg | 149 ± 1 | 148 ± 1 | 0.780 |
Night ambulatory systolic BP, mmHg | 146 ± 1 | 127 ± 1 | 0.000 |
Day ambulatory diastolic BP, mmHg | 91 ± 0 | 93 ± 1 | 0.091 |
Night ambulatory diastolic BP, mmHg | 86 ± 1 | 76 ± 1 | 0.000 |
Serum sodiumc, mmol/L ≤ 140 | 284 (51) | 97 (63) |  |
  > 140 | 272 (49) | 58 (37) | 0.011 |
Serum potassiumd, mmol/L ≤ 4.0 | 243 (43) | 66 (42) |  |
  > 4.0 | 319 (57) | 91 (58) | 0.788 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rated, ml/min ≥ 60 | 539 (96) | 153 (97) |  |
  < 60 | 23 (4) | 4 (3) | 0.480 |
Serum urea, mmol/L ≤ 7.1 | 411 (77) | 128 (83) |  |
  > 7.1 | 121 (23) | 26 (17) | 0.119 |
Fasting blood sugar, mmol/L | 5.4 ± 1.9 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 0.219 |
Low density lipoproteina, mmol/L ≤ 2.6 | 173 (36) | 53 (38) |  |
  > 2.6 | 303 (64) | 85 (62) | 0.658 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L ≥ 5.2 | 328 (68) | 89 (64) |  |
  > 5.2 | 152 (32) | 51 (36) | 0.291 |
High density lipoprotein, mmol/L ≤ 1.0 | 139 (29) | 51 (36) |  |
  > 1.0 | 341 (71) | 89 (64) | 0.092 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L ≤ 1.70 | 317 (66) | 88 (63) |  |
  > 1.70 | 162 (34) | 51 (37) | 0.531 |
Haemoglobinb, g/dl ≤ 12 | 77 (20) | 14 (15) |  |
  > 12 | 309 (80) | 80 (85) | 0.262 |
White blood cell count, * 109/L | 5.8 ± 1.8 | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 0.186 |